Biochemical Profiling of Human Plasma and Urine From Cranberry Juice Consumption Identifies Potential Biomarkers of Consumption and Gut Flora Metabolites

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of polyphenol‐rich low calorie cranberry juice (LCCJ) consumption on cardiovascular health and consumption biomarkers. In a double blind, placebo controlled randomized clinical trial, volunteers (n=26 men, n=30 women), with BMI of 28.4+4.3 (mean+SD) consumed LCCJ or a color/flavor/calorie‐matched placebo beverage (PB) as part of a controlled diet for 8 wks. Baseline urine and plasma showed few differences between groups, but significant metabolic changes were detected after 8 weeks. The Metabolon platform detected 616 biochemicals in plasma and 996 in urine, linked to alterations in gut microflora metabolism, redox balance, fatty acid degradation, and glycerolipid metabolism. Statistically significant changes were seen in gut microflora metabolites of families of amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan), bile acids, and benzoate‐containing molecules. LCCJ increased levels/maintenance of plasma cysteine, an essential amino acid required for synthesis of glutathione, which may be beneficial when required. Also, 2,4,6‐trihydroxybenzoate, not found in the beverage or plasma, was detected in urine, significantly increased by 1.75‐fold in the LCCJ group and decreased to 0.34‐fold of starting levels in the PB group, suggesting that this may be a potential biomarker of consumption for cranberry juice. These changes may be linked to potential beneficial actions of cranberry polyphenols on health, consistent with improved clinical cardiometabolic parameters reported previously. Supported by Ocean Spray Cranberries.