Abstract
In Pakistan, chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) are the largest grown legume crops, especially in desert areas. Along with an excellent source of nutrition, chickpea seeds have discernible medicinal and antioxidant characteristics. The diverse set of 90 chickpea genotypes (66 desi and 24 kabuli) were collected from different research zones in Pakistan, and seed flour was used for biochemical profiling. Genotypes were significantly different (Tukey HSD test, P < 0.05) for the traits under investigation. In non-enzymatic antioxidants, highest seed total phenolic contents (TPC) (34725 ± 275 μM/g s. wt.) was found in CM-98 (desi), ascorbic acid (AsA) (69.23 ± 2.25 μg/g s. wt.) in WH-3 (desi), and total flavonoid content (TFC) (394.98 ± 13.06 μg/mL sample) was detected in WH-11 (desi). In the class of enzymatic antioxidants, the highest seed ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (1680 ± 40 Units/g s. wt.) was detected in Tamman-2013 (kabuli), peroxidases (POD) (2564.10 ± 233.10 Units/g s. wt.) activity in CM1235/08 (desi), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (279.76 ± 50 Units/g s. wt.) was detected in CH24/11 (desi). Highest seed catalase activity (CAT) (893 ± 50 Units/g s. wt.) and proline content (272.50 ± 20.82 μg/g s. wt.) was detected in an ICC-4951 (desi). In hydrolytic enzymes, the highest activity of esterase (37.05 μM/min/g s. wt) was found in, CH56/09(Kabuli), protease (11080 ± 10 Units/g s. wt.) in Karak-2 (desi), and α-amylase (213.02 ± 3.20 mg/g s. wt.) was observed in CH74/08 (kabuli). In other biochemical parameters, the highest seed total oxidant status (TOS) (356 ± 17.50 μM/g s. wt.) was detected in CM3457/91 (desi); malondialdehyde (MDA) content (295.74 ± 3.097 uM/g s. wt.) was observed in CM-2008 (kabuli), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (8.36 ± 0.082 μM/g s. wt.) was found in CM-72 (desi). In case of pigment analysis, Sheenghar-2000 (desi) depicted highest lycopene (12.579 ± 0.313 μg/g s. wt.) and total carotenoids (58.430.23 ± 0.569 μg/g s. wt.) contents. For seed therapeutic potential, the highest seed α-amylase inhibition (82.33 ± 8.06%) was observed in CM-88 (desi), while WH-1, WH-6, and ICCV-96030 (desi) depicted the highest value for seed anti-inflammatory potential (78.88 ± 0.55%). Genotypes with the highest antioxidant and therapeutic potential can be utilized as a natural antioxidant source and in breeding programs aimed at improving these traits in new breeding lines.
Highlights
Oxidative stress, induced by Reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays an imperative role in the development and progression of numerous life-threatening degenerative diseases in the body, i.e., cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes etc. (Glasauer and Chandel, 2013; Kabel, 2014; Kasote et al, 2015; Di Meo et al, 2016; Ahmed and Mohammed, 2020; Taha et al, 2021)
Non-enzymatic Antioxidants Total phenolic content (TPC) Based on the observed differences in the studied parameters, desi and kabuli genotypes were grouped into three categories i.e., low, medium, and high (Table 2)
Out of all tested genotypes, 57 genotypes were grouped in the intermediate category with a value ranging from 10125 to 18975 In this class, 42% of the genotypes were of kabuli type and 71% were of desi type
Summary
Oxidative stress, induced by Reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays an imperative role in the development and progression of numerous life-threatening degenerative diseases in the body, i.e., cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes etc. (Glasauer and Chandel, 2013; Kabel, 2014; Kasote et al, 2015; Di Meo et al, 2016; Ahmed and Mohammed, 2020; Taha et al, 2021). A promising way to counteract the undesirable effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body, is with the supplementation of food rich in antioxidants and that possess high therapeutic capacity (Kasote et al, 2013; Cammisotto et al, 2021). Plants have long been a cheap and rich source of exogenous antioxidant supplements. Epidemiologists recommend the intake of more legumes (chickpea, soybean, lentil, cowpea etc.) and fruits because they are rich in natural antioxidants, it may help in alleviating any potential nutritional gap in the body caused by unhealthy and low quality food consumption (Diniyah et al, 2020; Swallah et al, 2020; Matemu et al, 2021). Several in vitro methods are being used to determine the different antioxidants found in plants (Alam et al, 2013)
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