Abstract
The animal’s blood is the most complicated and important biological liquid for veterinary medicine. In addition to standard methods that are always in use, recent technologies such as dynamic tensiometry (DT) of blood serum and PCR analysis of particular markers are in progress. The standard and modern biochemical tests are commonly used for general screening and, finally, complete diagnosis of animal health. Interpretation of major biochemical parameters is similar across animal species, but there are a few peculiarities in each case, especially well-known for cattle. The following directions are discussed here: hematological indicators; “total protein” and its fractions; some enzymes; major low-molecular metabolites (glucose, lipids, bilirubin, etc.); cations and anions. As example, the numerous correlations between DT data and biochemical parameters of cattle serum have been obtained and discussed. Changes in the cell-free nucleic acids (cfDNA) circulating in the blood have been studied and analyzed in a variety of conditions; for example, pregnancy, infectious and chronic diseases, and cancer. CfDNA can easily be detected using standard molecular biological techniques like DNA amplification and next-generation sequencing. The application of digital PCR even allows exact quantification of copy number variations which are for example important in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal aberrations.
Highlights
Biological liquids of animals and humans contain cells, as well as many biopolymers and low-molecular surfactants (Harris, 1991; Schaller et al, 2008; Zaitsev & Konopatov, 2005; Basten, 2019). These substances can be analyzed by standard and methods such as dynamic tensiometry (DT) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by next-generation sequencing in the case of nucleic acids (Chitty & Lo, 2015)
The major biochemical parameters of the animal serum will be described in details here, whereas some other important components such as red blood cell (RBC) or white blood cell (WBC) counts will be only slightly mentioned in this review
In addition to standard methods recent technologies such as dynamic tensiometry of blood plasma and PCR analysis of particular markers are in progress
Summary
Biological liquids (bioliquids) of animals and humans (blood, lymph, milk, etc.) contain cells, as well as many biopolymers and low-molecular surfactants (peptides, proteins, oligo- and polynucleotides, lipids, lipoproteins, surface inactive substances) (Harris, 1991; Schaller et al, 2008; Zaitsev & Konopatov, 2005; Basten, 2019). These substances can be analyzed by standard and methods such as dynamic tensiometry (DT) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by next-generation sequencing in the case of nucleic acids (Chitty & Lo, 2015). Biochemical parameters, dynamic tensiometry and circulating nucleic acids for cattle blood analysis: a review. The major biochemical parameters of the animal serum will be described in details here, whereas some other important components such as red blood cell (RBC) or white blood cell (WBC) counts will be only slightly mentioned in this review
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