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Abstract
The discovery of osseointegration of titanium implants revolutionized the dental prosthesis field. Traditionally, implants have a surface that is processed by additive or subtractive techniques, which have positive effects on the osseointegration process by altering the topography. In the last decade, innovative implant surfaces have been developed, on which biologically active molecules have been immobilized with the aim of increasing stimulation at the implant–biological tissue interface, thus favoring the quality of osseointegration. Among these molecules, some are normally present in the human body, and the techniques for the immobilization of these molecules on the implant surface have been called Biochemical Modification of Titanium Surfaces (BMTiS). Different techniques have been described in order to immobilize those biomolecules on titanium implant surfaces. The aim of the present paper is to present evidence, available from in vivo studies, about the effects of biochemical modification of titanium oral implants on osseointegration.
Highlights
When a titanium implant is placed in bone tissue, its surface immediately reacts with several water molecules, creating a coat that surrounds the entire implant surface [1]
Different bioactive molecules were investigated for that purpose: concerning growth factors, the most frequently employed is recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2), but the effects of ErhBMP-2, Plasma-Rich Growth Factor (PRGF), bFGF, IGF-1, Fibroblast Growth Factor-Fibronectin (FGF-FN), TGF-β1, and recombinant human VEGF (rhVEGF) were studied
The effects on osseointegration were considered for RGD sequences, recombinant human osteopontin (rhOPN), OC-1016, VnP-16, and Ln2-P3
Summary
When a titanium implant is placed in bone tissue, its surface immediately reacts with several water molecules, creating a coat that surrounds the entire implant surface [1]. The specificity of cell–surface interaction is mainly due to the composition and organization of the protein layer, which, in turn, depends on the modalities with the implant surfaces earlier bonded water, ions, and biomolecules [1]. In the last decades increased research aimed at the functionalization of implant surfaces to obtain stimulatory effects on the biological tissues, to improve tissue response and, increase the osseointegration process in addition to the long-term stability of the implant therapy. ) The goal of biochemical surface modification is to immobilize proteins, enzymes, or peptides on biomaterials for the purpose of inducing specific cell and tissue responses or, in other words, to control the tissue implant interface with molecules delivered directly to the interface One of the most fascinating fields of research concerns the Biochemical Modification of Titanium Surfaces (BMTiS), defined by Puleo and Nanci in 1999 as a process that “utilize current understanding of the biology and biochemistry of cellular function and differentiation. ( . . . ) The goal of biochemical surface modification is to immobilize proteins, enzymes, or peptides on biomaterials for the purpose of inducing specific cell and tissue responses or, in other words, to control the tissue implant interface with molecules delivered directly to the interface
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