Abstract
In ongoing screening research for edible plants, Petroselinum crispum essential oil was considered as a potential bioinsecticide with proven antimosquito activity against both the pyrethroid susceptible and resistant strains of Aedes aegypti. Due to the comparative mosquitocidal efficacy on these mosquitoes, this plant essential oil is promoted as an attractive candidate for further study in monitoring resistance of mosquito vectors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of P. crispum essential oil on the biochemical characteristics of the target mosquito larvae of Ae. aegypti, by determining quantitative changes of key enzymes responsible for xenobiotic detoxification, including glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), α- and β-esterases (α-/β-ESTs), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acid and alkaline phosphatases (ACP and ALP) and mixed-function oxidases (MFO). Three populations of Ae. aegypti, comprising the pyrethroid susceptible Muang Chiang Mai-susceptible (MCM-S) strain and the pyrethroid resistant Pang Mai Dang-resistant (PMD-R) and Upakut-resistant (UPK-R) strains, were used as test organisms. Biochemical study of Ae. aegypti larvae prior to treatment with P. crispum essential oil revealed that apart from AChE, the baseline activity of most defensive enzymes, such as GSTs, α-/β-ESTs, ACP, ALP and MFO, in resistant UPK-R or PMD-R, was higher than that determined in susceptible MCM-S. However, after 24-h exposure to P. crispum essential oil, the pyrethroid susceptible and resistant Ae. aegypti showed similarity in biochemical features, with alterations of enzyme activity in the treated larvae, as compared to the controls. An increase in the activity levels of GSTs, α-/β-ESTs, ACP and ALP was recorded in all strains of P. crispum oil-treated Ae. aegypti larvae, whereas MFO and AChE activity in these mosquitoes was decreased. The recognizable larvicidal capability on pyrethroid resistant Ae. aegypti, and the inhibitory effect on AChE and MFO, emphasized the potential of P. crispum essential oil as an attractive alternative application for management of mosquito resistance in current and future control programs.
Highlights
The mosquito, Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), is an important vector for transmitting life-threatening human diseases like dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide [1,2,3]
A significant difference in highest GSTs and β-EST activity was recorded in UPK-R and Pang Mai Dang-resistant (PMD-R) (p < 0.0001), with enzyme levels of 0.260 and 0.204 μmol, respectively, and 188.44 and 156.67 nmol, respectively
The maximum activity of α-EST was detected in UPK-R, followed by PMD-R and Muang Chiang Mai-susceptible (MCM-S) at 195.23, 183.82 and
Summary
The mosquito, Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), is an important vector for transmitting life-threatening human diseases like dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide [1,2,3]. Dengue is the World’s most critical mosquito-borne viral disease, which inflicts millions of deaths each year. 3.9 billion people, in 128 countries, are currently at risk of dengue infection, with an estimated 50–100 million and 250,000–500,000 cases of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever, respectively [4,5]. The number of dengue cases reported annually to the World Health Organization (WHO) has increased from 0.4 to 1.3 million in the decade. 1996 to 2005, reaching 2.2, 3.2, and 3.8 million in 2010, 2015, and 2016, respectively [2,6,7]. Personal protection, environmental management, and mosquito control remain the most important tools in preventing and controlling transmission of this disease [5,8,9,10]
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