Abstract
Background. Reactive oxygen species generation in mammalian cells profoundly affects several critical cellular functions, and the lack of efficient cellular detoxification mechanisms which remove these radicals may lead to several human diseases. Several studies show that ROS is incriminated as destructive agents in the context of the nervous system especially with advance in age leading to neurodegeneration. Current treatments of this disease are not effective and result in several side effects. Thus, the search for alternative medicines is in high demand. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the reactive oxygen inhibitory effect of Phaleria macrocarpa 80% (leaf) extract. Methods. The leaf was extracted with 80% methanol. Cytotoxicity studies were carried out using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and ROS inhibitory activities were evaluated using dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) assay in the SH-SY5Y cells model. Results. The result revealed ROS inhibitory activities of the crude extract with highly significant differences at p < 0.001 between the group that were treated with crude extract only, the group treated with crude extract and exposed to H2O2, and the group exposed to H2O2 only as well as the group that were maintained in complete media. Bioactive compounds show the presence of vitexin and isovitexin following the HPLC method. Conclusion. High antioxidant activities and low toxicity effect of this crude revealed its high benefit to be used as natural medicine/supplements.
Highlights
Reactive oxygen species generation in mammalian cells profoundly affects several critical cellular functions, and the lack of efficient cellular detoxification mechanisms which remove these radicals may lead to several human diseases
Phaleria macrocarpa was collected from Taman Pertanian Universiti (TPU) Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia. e plant leaf was authenticated by a botanist at the Institute of Bioscience (IBS), UPM, and voucher number was allocated
Ethanol and ethanol/water solutions were reported as one of the best solvent for the extraction of phenolic compound in horseradish roots extraction study [23]. erefore, considering the high potential of polar solvent in extracting large quantities of phenolic compounds, it is used by traditional herbal practitioners in preparation of decoction or infusion, and 80% methanol was chosen as extraction solving. e result of percentage yield obtained after extraction of 200 g leaf sample with 80% methanol was 16.845% w/w. is result is in agreement with the finding reported by [13] which shows high yield of 11.99% w/w following extraction of Phaleria macrocarpa leaf with 80% methanol
Summary
Reactive oxygen species generation in mammalian cells profoundly affects several critical cellular functions, and the lack of efficient cellular detoxification mechanisms which remove these radicals may lead to several human diseases. Several studies show that ROS is incriminated as destructive agents in the context of the nervous system especially with advance in age leading to neurodegeneration. Current treatments of this disease are not effective and result in several side effects. Erefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the reactive oxygen inhibitory effect of Phaleria macrocarpa 80% (leaf) extract. Various constituents such as naringin, quercitin, phorbol esters, des-acetyl flavicordin-A, and 29norcucurbitacin have been identified and isolated [5, 12] Despite all these medicinal values, P. macrocarpa is reported to be poisonous. Mild hepatic hypertrophy and increase in serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase in guails have been reported [9, 14, 15]
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