Abstract
One of the most important orange fruit diseases is blue mold which cause by Penicillium italicum that is responsible for important economic losses. This study investigated biochemical changes in exo-mesocarp layers of orange fruits related to host- pathogen- yeast interactions. Initial result showed that among eight strains isolated, the most effective antagonist were belonged to two species of Pichia kluyveri (M45) and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (M61). These isolates were selected for biochemical evaluation. In order to assessment of biochemical changes, the orange fruits were inoculated with 40 µl of yeast cell suspension and after 24 h, the wounds were inoculated with 20 µl of conidial suspension of P. italicum. The analysis of variance showed that all of the measured biochemical characterises were significant in both layers by treatments (yeast isolates; pathogen; yeast isolates + pathogen and control) (P ≤ 0.01), including POD, CAT and β-1, 3-glucanase activities and total phenolic compounds. Also result showed that when the yeast isolates (M45 or M54) were inoculated into wounds with the pathogen, it stimulated the orange to increase produce of total phenol and enzymes activity (POD, CAT and β-1, 3-glucanase) and these changes were related to incubation time. The result showed that understanding biochemical mechanism derived from plant-pathogen-antagonist interactions is essential for investigating the dynamics of infectious processes.
Highlights
In Iran, Citrus culture has a very old history
The primary objective of this study was to confirm the ability of two isolates of Pichia kluyveri (M45) and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (M61) to control postharvest blue mold which cause by Penicillium italicum in orange fruits and the other objective was to determine whether the activity of the peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), β-1, 3-glucanase and phenolic compound would be affected in orange fruit layers, following the application of two antagonists alone or in combination with the pathogen
YMA and potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) cultures were used to isolate eight yeasts that are as follow: three isolates of Pichia guilliermondii (M60, M63 and M47), two isolates of Metschnikowia pulcherrima (M43 and M54), one isolate of Pichia kluyveri (M45) and one of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (M61)
Summary
In Iran, Citrus culture has a very old history. The production of these fruit as a market crop that have almost 300 years old history (Ebrahimi, 2002). Citrus sinensis is one of the most important horticultural crops in Iran (Ansari and Feridoon, 2006), which its annual production it is among ten first countries of the world (FAOSTAT, 2013). Sweet orange are attacked by a wide range of pathogens, which can change host survival, growth and reproduction (Agrios, 2005). The most important damage factor in postharvest period is Penicillium that imposes billions dollars of damage every year upon this market (Pitt et al, 2009). Penicillium growth typically occurs as a result of wound infections in produce
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