Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare metabolic profiles of maternal and fetal blood and liver gene expression patterns of Day-225 bovine fetuses produced either in vivo (IVD) by superovulation and artificial insemination, or in vitro by in vitro fertilization (IVF) or by Handmade Cloning (NT-HMC). Biochemical evaluations were performed in fetal and maternal plasma and the expression of key genes to fetal development were analyzed by RT-qPCR in fetal liver tissue. In addition to group comparisons, data were also used for correlation analyses with physical traits using simple correlation test and AN(C)OVA. Most fetal parameters related to liver and kidney functions and hemoglobin metabolism, and the osmolalities in fetal plasma and placental fluids were higher in clones than the other two groups. Glucose, fructose, triglycerides and VLDL concentrations in fetal plasma, concentration of fructose and total amount of glucose and fructose in the allantoic fluid were higher in clones. Differences in the relative gene expression in fetal liver were also detected for genes related to fructose and glucose metabolism, sugar transport, and fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism. In conclusion, important differences in the metabolism of cloned concepti were identified and suggest active fructose accumulation and lipid synthesis, which may be associated with metabolic fetal programming and excessive prenatal growth.
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