Abstract
Materials and Methods Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: groups 1, 2, and 3 received vehicle, Cd (100 mg/L/day by drinking water), and A. hirtifolium extract (200 mg/kg/day; orally), respectively. Groups 4, 5, and 6 were Cd groups which were treated with A. hirtifolium extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day, respectively). After 2 weeks, liver enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and also oxidative stress biomarkers including lipid peroxidation (LPO), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total thiol molecule (TTM), and the histopathological changes were determined using standard procedure. Results The findings showed that Cd caused a remarkable rise in levels of serum hepatic enzymes such as ALT (P < 0.001), AST (P < 0.01) and ALP (P < 0.001) compared with the control group. In addition, Cd led to the decreasing of the levels of TTM (P < 0.001) and TAC (P < 0.001) and increasing of LPO (P < 0.001) in liver tissue in comparison with the control group. In this regard, remarkable vascular congestion, hepatocellular degeneration, and vacuolization were observed in hepatic tissue of Cd-treated rats. Following the administration of A. hirtifolium extract, a significant improvement was observed in the functional and oxidative stress indices of hepatic tissue alongside histopathologic changes. Conclusion The current study indicated that the A. hirtifolium extract might prevent hepatic oxidative injury by improving oxidant/antioxidant balance in rats exposed to Cd.
Highlights
Allium hirtifolium Boiss, known as Persian shallot “Mooseer,” grows wild as blackish, paper-like tunics in some areas of Iran and other Asian countries
Preparation of the Extract. e bulbs of the A. hirtifolium were collected from Hamadan in western Iran. e plant was identified by the herbarium section of School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (HUMS), Hamadan, Iran, with code number 234. e bulbs were ground and extracted by methanol/water (50 : 50) at 25°C for 48 h in triplicate using a maceration method. en, the extract was filtrated and evaporated to become dry in a rotary evaporator (Heidolph, Germany) under vacuum at 40°C. e resulting extract was kept in a dark place at 4°C
Determination of Total Phenolic Content. e total phenolic content of the A. hirtifolium extract was determined according to the Folin–Ciocalteu procedure, 2 hours and 1, 7, and 14 days after the extraction. e results were expressed as mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g extract [20]
Summary
Allium hirtifolium Boiss, known as Persian shallot “Mooseer,” grows wild as blackish, paper-like tunics in some areas of Iran and other Asian countries. Hydroalcoholic extract of A. hirtifolium can protect rat liver cells against the effects of oxidants in alloxan-induced diabetes and reduce the serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) [10, 11]. Allium hirtifolium Boiss (Persian shallot), as an edible vegetable, has several pharmacological properties including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative effects, while its protective effects in liver cells are controversial. Cd led to the decreasing of the levels of TTM (P < 0.001) and TAC (P < 0.001) and increasing of LPO (P < 0.001) in liver tissue in comparison with the control group In this regard, remarkable vascular congestion, hepatocellular degeneration, and vacuolization were observed in hepatic tissue of Cd-treated rats. Conclusion. e current study indicated that the A. hirtifolium extract might prevent hepatic oxidative injury by improving oxidant/antioxidant balance in rats exposed to Cd
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