Biochemical and Biophysical Analysis of a Chiral PqsD Inhibitor Revealing Tight-binding Behavior and Enantiomers with Contrary Thermodynamic Signatures

Abstract

Antivirulence strategies addressing bacterial pathogenicity without exhibiting growth inhibition effects represent a novel approach to overcome today's crisis in antibiotic development. In recent studies, we examined various inhibitors of PqsD, an enzyme involved in formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cell-to-cell signaling molecules, and observed desired cellular effects for 2-nitrophenyl derivatives. Herein, we investigated the binding characteristics of this interesting compound class using several biochemical and biophysical methods. The inhibitors showed time-dependent activity, tight-binding behavior, and interactions with the catalytic center. Furthermore, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments with separated enantiomers revealed contrary thermodynamic signatures showing either enthalpy- or entropy-driven affinity. A combination of site-directed mutagenesis and thermodynamic profiling was used to identify key residues involved in inhibitor binding. This information allowed the proposal of experimentally confirmed docking poses. Although originally designed as transition state analogs, our results suggest an altered position for both enantiomers. Interestingly, the main difference between stereoisomers was found in the orientation of the hydroxyl group at the stereogenic center. The predicted binding modes are in accordance with experimental data and, thus, allow future structure-guided optimization.