Biochar potentially mitigates greenhouse gas emissions from cultivation of oilseed rape for biodiesel

The sub-project of the project “Minderung von Treibhausgasemissionen im Rapsanbau unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Stickstoffdungung” of the division Plant Nutrition and Crop Physiology, Department of Crop Sciences of Georg-August University focused on steps in the nitrogen cycle that produce or interfere with N2O emissions from soils. It addressed the question of how the N cycle is modified by a winter oilseed rape – winter wheat – winter barley crop rotation. The focus of the doctoral thesis was put on the post-harvest period and the production of N2O emissions in winter oilseed rape. Several lab and field experiments were conducted: (1) Incubation experiment using oilseed rape and 15N-labelled barley straw; An incubation experiment carried out under controlled conditions aimed at comparing N addition and different straw qualities for their potential to provoke N2O emissions from soil. Treatments consisted of non-treated control soil (CK), 15N labelled barley straw (BST), oilseed rape straw (RST), 15N labelled barley straw + mineral N (BST+N), or oilseed rape straw + mineral N (RST+N). N fertilizer was applied to the soil surface as calcium ammonium-nitrate at a rate of 67.5 mg N kg-1 soil equiv. to 100 kg N ha-1 and soil moisture was adjusted to 80% water-holding capacity. The experiment covered a measurement period of 43 days. Cumulative N2O emissions in this study summed up to 3, 19, 26, 439 and 387µg N2O-N kg-1 soil 43 days-1 for CK, BST, RST, BST+N and RST+N. Application of mineral N fertilizer to the straw amended soils enhanced N2O emissions considerably in BST+N and RST+N treatments masking the effect of straw type. 15N labeling showed that only about 0.72% and 0.46% of the emitted N2O originated from straw-N in the BST and BST+N treatments after 22 days indicating a very low share of straw-borne N to the formation of N2O emissions. In agricultural practice, an N fertilization to soils amended with C-rich residues in the post-harvest period could lead to high N2O emissions. (2) Post-harvest N2O emissions as affected by N fertilizer and straw management – 2 year study at the site Reinshof; Management options to mitigate N2O emissions in oilseed rape cropping were tested in a 2-year field experiment at the field site Reinshof of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of Georg-August University of Goettingen. The treatments included a reduced spring N fertilization rate (1/2 of current recommendation), N fertilization of 180 kg N ha-1 and oilseed rape straw removal after harvest. N2O sampling was done from oilseed rape harvest to the beginning of the following growth season. The COUP model (Coupled heat and mass transfer model for the soil-plant-atmosphere system) was employed to uncover possible mechanisms of N2O emissions. In 2013, cumulative August-March N2O emissions ranged between 0.46±0.05 kg N2O-N ha-1 (0 kg N ha-1, with straw removal) and 1.05±0.1 kg N2O-N ha-1 (180 kg N ha-1 with straw application) whereas in 2014 N2O emissions were clearly higher accounting for 4.06±0.34 (90 kg N ha-1, with straw application) und 7.33±0.24 kg N2O-N ha-1 (unfertilized control soil with straw incorporation). There was no statistically significant effect of fertilization (p>0.05), but straw removal compared to straw incorporation slightly increased N2O emissions. In contrast to management measures, soil temperature and soil moisture showed a large influence on the rates of N2O emissions. The modeling approach indicated the importance of decomposition activity. Decomposition accelerated N cycling and in particular denitrification rates with high N2O emissions. (3) Field studies in five regions of Germany in a winter oilseed rape – winter wheat – winter barley crop rotation; For a detailed evaluation of N2O emissions in important oilseed rape cropping regions of Germany, 5 field experimental sites across Germany – Berge, Dedelow, Ihinger Hof, Hohenschulen and Merbitz – were chosen. To allow comparability, the crops were grown simultaneously from December 2012 to October 2015. Various parameters like soil temperature and water-filled pore space (WFPS) were recorded and N2O emissions were measured in the crops oilseed rape, wheat and barley and yield-related N2O emissions were calculated. To assess the impact of abiotic factors and crops, a generalized additive model was set up. The generalized additive model revealed that the abiotic factors drove N2O emissions. The impact of environmental drivers like temperature and WFPS on N2O emissions varied depending on site, but not by crop type. Fertilizer-related N2O emissions across all five sites were 0.76, 0.74 and 0.76% of the applied fertilizer N for oilseed rape, winter wheat and winter barley, respectively. N2O emissions from non-fertilized soils were not considered in this approach. Generally, the thesis demonstrated the dependence of N2O emissions on a set of factors in the post-harvest period. The factor's level of importance changed as they were varying in magnitude. Management options have to be reevaluated and adopted to fit a changing climate.

Soil treatments have a significant influence on the agricultural and environmental productivity of agricultural practices. Arable lands are one of the sources of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) that are influenced by the chemical and physical properties of the soil and are an essential contributor to climate change. We aim to evaluate the long-term management of agricultural practices, such as different tillage systems, cover crops, and glyphosate, on GHG emissions and soil physical properties. The field trial involved three tillage systems (conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and no-tillage (NT)), along with variations in cover cropping (with and without cover crops) and glyphosate application (with and without glyphosate). These treatments were implemented during the cultivation of oilseed rape in 2022 as part of a cropping sequence consisting of five crops: winter wheat; winter oilseed rape; spring wheat; spring barley; and field pea. Greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O)) were directly measured using a closed static chamber system. Through the examination of these management techniques, the soil’s physical properties over the studied period were assessed for their impact on GHG fluxes. The findings of the study reveal that N2O emissions were relatively low during the first month of measurement, with significant differences (p < 0.05) observed in the interaction between cover crop and glyphosate treatments. Additionally, N2O emissions were notably elevated in the reduced (0.079 µg m−2 h−1) and conventional tillage (0.097 µg m−2 h−1) treatments at the second month of measurement. Regarding CH4, increased emissions were observed in the reduced tillage and cover crop treatments. CO2 emissions exhibited variability across all of the investigated treatments. Notably, GHG fluxes spiked at the second measurement, signifying the maximum uptake of nutrients by the main plants during the growth phase. Greenhouse gas emissions leveled off across all of the treatments following the harvest, marking the end of the cultivation period. The influence of the deployed techniques varied across the determined physical parameters of the soil. The incorporation of cover crops contributed to improved water content and, further, to electrical conductivity. Glyphosate use showed no direct impact on physical properties of the soil while the different tillage treatments had varying effects on the distribution of the physical properties of the soil with respect to the degree of disturbance or tillage-induced changes. Additionally, GHG emissions were strongly correlated with precipitation at one week and two weeks before sampling, except for CO2, which showed a weaker correlation at two weeks before GHG sampling. The findings indicate that reduced and conventional tillage methods might adversely affect greenhouse gas emissions and plant functionality, particularly concerning nutrient release and uptake, especially in temperate climate conditions.

Power utility companies in the United Kingdom are using imported wood pellets from the southern region of the United States for electricity generation to meet the legally binding mandate of sourcing 15% of the nation’s total energy consumption from renewable sources by 2020. This study ascertains relative savings in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for a unit of electricity generated using imported wood pellet in the United Kingdom under 930 different scenarios: three woody feedstocks (logging residues, pulpwood, and logging residues and pulpwood combined), two forest management choices (intensive and non-intensive), 31 plantation rotation ages (year 10 to year 40 in steps of 1 year), and five power plant capacities (20–100 MW in steps of 20 MW). Relative savings in GHG emissions with respect to a unit of electricity derived from fossil fuels in the United Kingdom range between 50% and 68% depending upon the capacity of power plant and rotation age. Relative savings in GHG emissions increase with higher power plant capacity. GHG emissions related to wood pellet production and transatlantic shipment of wood pellets typically contribute about 48% and 31% of total GHG emissions, respectively. Overall, use of imported wood pellets for electricity generation could help in reducing the United Kingdom’s GHG emissions. We suggest that future research be directed to evaluation of the impacts of additional forest management practices, changing climate, and soil carbon on the overall savings in GHG emissions related to transatlantic wood pellet trade.

Winter oilseed rape (WOSR) is the major oil crop cultivated in Europe and the most important feedstock for biodiesel. Up to 90% of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from biodiesel production can occur during oilseed rape cultivation. Therefore, mitigation strategies are required and need to focus on direct nitrous oxide (N2O) emission as one of the largest GHG contributors in biodiesel production. Earlier studies show that nitrification inhibitors (NIs) can reduce N2O emissions derived from N-fertilization. Since information on the effect of biogas digestates with or without NIs on N2O emissions from WOSR fields is scarce, the aim of this study was to evaluate their effects on N2O emissions, mineral N dynamics, and oil yield in WOSR production fertilized with digestate. The study was conducted at five sites across Germany over three years resulting in 15 full site-years data sets. Across all sites and years, N2O emission from WOSR fertilized with biogas digestate (180 kg NH4+-N ha−1yr−1) ranged between 0.2 and 3.5 kg N2O–N ha−1 yr−1. Due to the reduction of the nitrate concentrations following digestate application, application of NI significantly reduced annual N2O emission by 36%. Our results demonstrate that NI can be an effective measure for reducing N2O emissions from digestate application, but its effectiveness depends on soil and weather conditions, and ultimately on the site-specific potential for N2O production and release. There was no effect of NI application on grain and oil yield.

Investigating the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from municipal solid waste management using ant colony algorithm, Monte Carlo simulation and LCA approach in terms of EU Green Deal

Possible impact of the Renewable Energy Directive on N fertilization intensity and yield of winter oilseed rape in different cropping systems

<p>Biochar is related to multiple greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potentials, namely nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) mitigation, carbon (C) sequestration and the possible green electricity produced in the pyrolysis process. Whereas the mechanisms behind potential N<sub>2</sub>O mitigation effects of biochar are still unclear, the mechanisms behind C sequestration is agreed to be caused by C compound conversion towards aromatic structures in the biochar C as a consequence of the heating treatment in the pyrolysis process. The specific recalcitrance of the biochar is, however, difficult to estimate. The possible electricity production from the syn-gas and bio-oil pyrolysis products depends on the feedstock and process temperature, and can contribute considerably to total system GHG mitigation. However, the multiple effects on GHG balances of biochar and pyrolysis represent a complexity, which may best be analysed by a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. In this study, the average Danish oilseed rape cultivation was set as the reference scenario in an LCA of cultivation related GHG emissions. The reference was compared with two scenarios with theoretical inclusion of pyrolysis and biochar, meaning that the oilseed straw residue was transported to a pyrolysis plant and the biochar was returned to the field in a corresponding amount (ca. 1 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>). Transportation, additional field operations, N<sub>2</sub>O mitigation, electricity production and C sequestration was included, and the latter was calculated by using the concept of avoided atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> load. The latter approach resulted in larger mitigation effects than derived from calculations of just the remaining C in soil. In total, GHG emissions were reduced by 73 to 83% in the two biochar scenarios as compared with the reference scenario, mainly due to increased C sequestration. The study suggests that even low application rates and rather conservative biochar C recalcitrance estimates lead to considerably reductions in GHG emissions from oilseed rape and expectedly other crops.</p>

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 中国主要农作物种植农药施用温室气体排放估算 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201405271084 作者: 作者单位: 中国科学院生态环境研究中心,中国科学院生态环境研究中心,中国科学院生态环境研究中心 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(71003092);科技部973专题(2010CB833504-2);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项子课题(XDA05050602,XDA05060102) Estimate of greenhouse gases emission from pesticides usage in China's major crops Author: Affiliation: Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:过去30年来我国农作物的播种面积并未产生太大变化,但病虫害的发生和防治次数却不断增加。根据6种中国主要农作物的病虫害发生情况,收集了相应的农药用量及其制造的温室气体排放量数据,估算了中国主要农作物在种植过程中,因对病虫害使用杀虫剂和杀菌剂而产生的温室气体排放量现状。结果表明,我国主要农作物小麦、水稻、玉米、马铃薯、油菜和棉花的每公顷病虫害防治时使用农药所产生的温室气体排放量分别是9.19(1.86-23.24)、20.54(2.03-50.95)、10.38(3.45-19.32)、5.91(2.15-18.34)、10.84(8.10-13.62)、19.51(5.11-49.01)kg CE hm-2 a-1,即水稻和棉花最高;但论单产农药温室气体排放量,则油菜和棉花远高于其余4种粮食作物。每年小麦、水稻、玉米、马铃薯、油菜和棉花的病虫害防治使用农药所产生的总温室气体排放量分别是220.8(44.7-558.4)、606.7(60.0-1505.1)、336.4(112.0-606.3)、30.9(11.2-96.0)、79.5(59.4-99.8)、96.4(25.2-242.2)Gg CE,总计1.37(0.31-3.13)Tg CE。将以上6种作物的病虫害防治情况外推到全国农作物,则我国一年因为农作物病虫害防治而产生的温室气体排放量为2.13(0.48-4.85)Tg CE。另外由于缺乏草害面次数据而没有包括除草剂本分,所以以上数字仍是低估。病虫害防治由于作物本身、防治对象、防治方法以及药剂用量的固有差异,导致农作物病虫害防治的温室气体排放量计算结果存在着较大的不确定性,目前基于自下而上农户调查的估算方法无法克服这些问题,更精确的估算需要自上而下的企业级调查数据。 Abstract:Over the past 30 years, China's total area sown with crops did not change significantly. Meanwhile, the occurrences of crop pests and diseases as well as the control (treatment) areas have increased drastically. China has become the world's largest pesticide manufacturer and consumer since 2005 and the up-trend is expected to continue. Correspondingly, the greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission resulting from pesticide usage may also increase fast and become an important part of indirect GHGs emission in agriculture. However, domestic GHGs emission parameters from pesticide usage were rarely reported in analysis of China's agricultural life-cycle, which leads to considerable uncertainty in studies related to agricultural indirect GHGs emission. In this study, GHGs emission from pesticides manufacture was estimated by summing up the global warming potential of GHGs emitted from four processes including manufacture of active ingredients, formulation of emulsifiable oils/wettable powders/granules, packaging, and transport. According to the occurrence of pests and diseases in six major crops (wheat, rice, maize, potato, oilseed rape, and cotton) in China, the amount of current GHGs emissions induced by usage of insecticides and fungicides specific for these crops was assessed based on the integration of available information on the use of relevant pesticides and GHGs emissions from their manufacturing. Our estimation indicated that the GHGs emission pertaining to pests and diseases control was the highest for rice and cotton (20.54 [2.03-50.95] and 19.51 [5.11-49.01], respectively) followed by oilseed rape (10.84 [8.10-13.62]), maize (10.38 [3.45-19.32]), wheat (9.19 [1.86-23.24]), and potato (5.91 [2.15-18.34] kg carbon equivalent [CE] per hectare each year). Different crop pests and diseases contributed differently to crop's GHGs emission from pesticides usage: for maize and cotton, pests were the main contributors (especially maize borer, maize earworm, and cotton plant-bug); for oilseed rape and potato, diseases were the main contributors (especially potato late blight and rape sclerotinia rot); and for wheat and rice, pests and diseases both contributed equally to the total emission (especially wheat aphid, wheat midge, wheat red spider, wheat powdery mildew, wheat scab, rice plant hopper, rice leaf roller, rice striped stem borer, rice blast, and rice sheath blight). Meanwhile, as to the pesticide GHGs emission per unit yield, all four grain crops contributed far less than cotton and oilseed rape. Correspondingly, the overall emission due to the insect pests and diseases control measures for each of the analyzed crops in China was: 220.8 (44.7-558.4), 606.7 (60.0-1505.1), 336.4 (112.0-606.3), 30.9 (11.2-96.0), 79.5 (59.4-99.8), and 96.4 (25.2-242.2) Gg CE/a for wheat, rice, maize, potato, oilseed rape, and cotton, respectively, with a total amount of 1.37 (0.31-3.13) Tg CE/a. It should be noted that these results are underestimation of China's actual pesticide GHGs emission since the herbicides were not considered because of the unavailability of weed treatment data. Owing to the variation in the characteristics of crop pests and diseases control measures (including various conditions of crops, pests, and diseases, wide range of pesticide and fungicide choices and their legal dosage), non-negligible uncertainties still exist in our current bottom-up estimates based on farmer surveys. More accurate estimation requires implementation of top-down methods and data based on enterprise-level surveys. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) production experienced a considerable increase during the past decades, and there is growing concern about how to realize the dual objectives of meeting the increasing demand for rapeseed and reducing the associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Most reported studies on crop‐sourced GHG emissions to date were aimed at optimizing crop management to reduce emission, but often without a detailed spatio‐temporal assessment of GHG emissions for layout management practices. Herein, we used a newly developed modelling approach that integrates the NUtrient Flows in food chains, Environment, and Resource use (NUFER) model with a dynamic reactive nitrogen (Nr) loss module for rapeseed and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach to assess the GHG emissions from rapeseed production in China, where produces 18% of the world's rapeseed. Results showed that the GHG emissions from rapeseed production in China increased by 1.90% yearly from 2004 to 2018, largely due to increased inputs of agricultural materials, especially diesel. Further, carbon footprints of rapeseed production were found vary greatly between production regions, due to diverse climatic conditions, field management practices and the level of mechanization. Scenario analysis showed that adoption of both optimized nutrient and layout management practice is required to mitigate the current resource and environmental burdens, and to achieve edible oil security. Thus, our study provides new insights for policymakers on the formulation of management practices to reduce crop‐sourced GHG emissions, going along with an increase of food demand in the future.

Biogas is one of renewable energy sources capable to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Plastic biogas digester is a popular type adopted by people due to its low cost and simplicity. The utilization of materials for digester fabrication, however, positively contributes to GHG emission. The purpose of this research is to evaluate GHG emission of household scale plastic biogas digester by using life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. The boundary system consists of fabrication of the digester, operation and maintenance, and utilization of the biogas. The research is conducted by making an inventory to collect related information on the quantity of materials utilized to construct a household size plastic biogas digester along with emission factor of each material. Other important parameters include biogas yield and its methane content. Emission reduction is calculated from LPG saving due biogas utilization to fuel kitchen stove. Result showed that a household size plastic tube biogas digester system potentially reduced GHG emission by 1400.78 kg CO2eq/year for a five years of service life time. The GHG emission (in kg CO2eq/year) is comprised of 59.11 for digester construction, 7.83 for biogas production, (-456.14 for biogas utilization, and -1011.58 for slurry digestate utilization.

Raps (Brassica napus L.) ist die bedeutendste Ölpflanze in Deutschland. Der Ertrag wird jährlich durch den Befall von Schädlingen bedroht. Zum Einsatz kommen im konventionellen Anbau verschiedene Insektizide. Der Befall mit Rapsstängelrüsslern (Ceutorhynchus napi GYLL.) kann bis zu 70 % Minderertrag zur Folge haben. Entscheidend für die Ausprägung des Schadens ist der Vorgang der Eiablage. Mit der Eiablage gibt das Weibchen ein Sekret ab, welches das Stängelmark schädigt und die charakteristischen Symptome hervorruft. Die Symptome sind Stauchung der Pflanzen, verdrehte und aufgeplatzte Stängel. Die Wunden können Eintrittspforten für pilzliche Erreger sein. Die Eier bzw. Larven, die im Stängel schlüpfen und sich vom Stängelmark ernähren, sind mit konventionellen Insektizidbehandlungen nicht erreichbar. Der Schaden durch erwachsene Tiere ist, abgesehen von der Eiablage, unerheblich. Im Hinblick auf die Biologie von Insekten sind die Temperatureinflüsse von außen maßgeblich. Für den Klimawandel wird eine Erwärmung für Niedersachsen vorhergesagt von 2°C für die nahe Zukunft und 4°C für den Zeitraum 2070 - 2100.
\nZiel dieser Studie war es mit verschiedenen Versuchen den Einfluss des Klimawandels auf die Schädling-Pflanzen Beziehung zu benennen. Dazu gehörte ein Feldversuch, der angesetzt wurde um die Ausprägung des Schadens durch den Rapsstängelrüssler an zwei verschiedenen Sorten zu vergleichen. Des Weiteren wurde untersucht wie sich eine erhöhte Bodentemperatur auf die Wirtspflanze und deren natürlicher Befall sowie das Schlupfen der erwachsenen Rüssler auswirkt. Im Labor wurden die Eiablage, die Lebensdauer und die Fertilität erwachsener Weibchen unter Einfluss unterschiedlicher Temperaturen beobachtet. Im Zuge des Klimawandels wird sich neben der Temperatur auch die Regenverteilung verändern. Deshalb befasste sich abschließend ein Versuch mit der Auswirkung von Trockenstress auf das Duftstoffspektrum von Raps. 
\nDie Ergebnisse dieser Studie sind ebenso vielfältig wie die Versuche selbst. Der Feldversuch hat keine Unterschiede des Befalls zwischen zwei Sorten gezeigt. Im Frühjahr bevorzugten die RSR die frühe Sorte und wechselten später auf die späte Sorte. Eindeutige Präferenzen waren nicht erkennbar. Indikatoren für die Ausprägung des Schadens kristallisierten sich nicht heraus. 
\nInnerhalb der Göttinger Bodenerwärmungsanlage wurde deutlich, dass die Erhöhung der Bodentemperatur auf 2°C und 4°C einen signifikanten Einfluss auf das Wachstum der Rapspflanzen hatte. Dies spiegelte sich auch in den Befallshäufigkeiten wieder. Die großen Pflanzen aus den erwärmten Bereichen wurden zur Eiablage der weiblichen Rapsstängelrüssler bevorzugt. In den erwärmten Bereichen wurden auch eine Woche früher 50 % des Schlupf der Erwachsenen erreicht.
\nDie Eiablage ist temperaturabhängig. Je höher die Temperatur ist, desto signifikant mehr Eier werden gelegt. Es wurde ein Unterschied deutlich im Temperaturbedürfnis des Ei-Schlupf und in der Mortalitätsrate, ob die Temperatur gleichförmig oder wechselnd auf die Eier einwirkt. Die Fertilität und die Lebensdauer der erwachsenen Weibchen wurden nicht von der Temperatur beeinflusst. 
\nTrockenstress verändert das Duftstoffspektrum von Rapspflanzen. Es gibt Unterschiede in der Zusammensetzung der Duftstoffprofile und in der Intensität der abgegebenen Stoffe. Diese werden verändert durch den Trockenstress sowohl als auch durch den Fraß der erwachsenen Rüsslern. 
\nDiese Versuche waren der Anfang für die Erforschung des Klimawandels am Beispiel der Interaktion zwischen Raps und Rapsstängelrüsslers. Abschließend müssen weitere Versuche den komplexen Einfluss des Klimawandels auf dieser Beziehung klären.

Woody feedstocks will play an important role in meeting the total demand for biomass to generate electricity and produce ethanol in the United States. We analyzed 186 different scenarios (31 rotation ages (10 to 40 years in annual time steps); two types of forest management (intensive and nonintensive); and three feedstocks (logging residues only, pulpwood only, logging residues and pulpwood combined)) for ascertaining relative savings in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of two wood-based energy products (electricity and ethanol) on per unit land and per unit energy bases with respect to equivalent fossil fuel based energy products. Relative savings in GHG emissions were higher under intensive forest management compared with nonintensive forest management on a per unit land basis, whereas this situation reverses on a per unit energy basis. Combined use of pulpwood and logging residues saved the highest amount of GHG emissions on a per unit land basis, but on a per unit energy basis, relative GHG savings were similar to when only logging residues were used as a feedstock. Existing policies promoting bioenergy development in the United States only consider GHG savings on a per unit energy basis. A need exists to consider GHG savings on a per unit land basis as well to ensure efficient utilization of existing land resources to mitigate GHG emissions.

Achieving environmentally friendly building envelope for Western Australia’s housing sector: A life cycle assessment approach

Greenhouse gas emissions and land use from confinement dairy farms in the Guanzhong plain of China – using a life cycle assessment approach

Green House Gases(GHG) emissions from the ornamental plant nursery industry: a Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) approach in a nursery district in central Italy