Biocatalysis, 3. Nonimmobilized Biocatalysts in Industrial Fine Chemical Synthesis

Abstract

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Examples of Reactions2.1.Reductions Catalyzed by Oxidoreductases (E.C. 1)2.1.1.Ketone Reduction with Whole Cells ofNeurospora crassa(E.C. 1.1.1.1)2.1.2.Ketoester Reduction with Cell Extract ofAcinetobacter Calcoaceticus(E.C. 1.1.1.1)2.1.3.Enantioselective Reduction with Whole Cells ofCandida sorbophila(EC 1.1.X.X)2.1.4.Production of Chiral α‐Hydroxy Acids withd‐Lactate Dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.28) fromLeuconostoc mesenteroides2.1.5.Converting Ketoacid Acetals to Acetal Amino Acids withl‐Phenylalanine Dehydrogenase (PheDH, E.C. 1.4.1.20) fromThermoactinomyces intermedius2.2.Oxidations Catalyzed by Oxidoreductases (E.C. 1)2.2.1.Alcohol Oxidation with Whole Cells ofGluconobacter suboxydans(E.C. 1.1.99.21)2.2.2.Kinetic Resolution by Oxidation of Primary Alcohols Catalyzed by Whole Cells fromRhodococcus erythropolis(E.C. 1.X.X.X)2.2.3.Hydroxylation of Nicotinic Acid (Niacin) Catalyzed by Whole Cells ofAchromobacter xylosoxidans(E.C. 1.5.1.13)2.2.4.Reduction of Hydrogen Peroxide Concentration by Catalase (E.C. 1.11.1.6)2.2.5.Bioconversion ofN‐Butylglucamine with Whole Cells ofGluconobacter oxydans(E.C. 1.1.99.21)2.3.Hydrolytic Cleavage and Formation of CO and CN Bonds by Hydrolases (E.C. 3)2.3.1.Kinetic Resolution of a Diester by Protease Subtilisin Carlsberg fromBacillus sp. (E.C. 3.4.21.62) ,2.3.2.Kinetic Resolution of α‐Amino Acid Amides Catalyzed by Aminopeptidase fromPseudomonas putida(E.C. 3.4.1.11)2.3.3.Production ofl‐Methionine by Kinetic Resolution with Aminoacylase ofAspergillus oryzae(E.C. 3.5.1.14)2.3.4.Synthesis of β‐Lactam Antibiotics Catalyzed by Penicillin Acylase (E.C. 3.5.1.11)2.3.5.Enantioselective Synthesis of an Aspartame Precursor with Thermolysin fromBacillus proteolicus(E.C. 3.4.24.27)2.3.6.Hydrolysis of Heterocyclic Nitriles by Nitrilase/Hydroxylase fromAgrobacterium sp. (E.C. 3.5.5.1)2.3.7.Resolution of 3,3,3‐Trifluoro‐2‐hydroxy‐2‐methylpropionamide with Amidase fromKlebsiella oxytoca(E.C. 3.5.X.X)2.4.Formation of CC, CO, and CN Bonds by Lyases (E.C. 4)2.4.1.Hydrocyanation ofm‐Phenoxybenzaldehyde with Oxynitrilase fromHevea brasiliensis(E.C. 4.1.2.39)2.4.2.Synthesis of Carnitine Catalyzed by Carnitine Dehydratase in Whole Cells (E.C. 4.2.1.89)2.4.3.Synthesis ofl‐Dopa Catalyzed by Tyrosine Phenol Lyase fromErwinia herbicola(E.C. 4.1.99.2)2.4.4.Synthesis of Nicotinamide Catalyzed by Nitrile Hydratase fromRhodococcus erythropolis(EC 4.2.1.84) ,2.4.5.Synthesis of Mandelic Acid with Nitrilase (E.C. 4.2.1.84) ,2.5.Epimerization of Glucosamine Catalysed by Epimerase fromE.coli(E.C. 5.1.3.8)3.OutlookThis article focuses on the use of nonimmobilized biocatalysts for synthesis of fine chemicals in industry. More than 20 processes using isolated enzymes or suspensions are presented.