Bioactivity of <i>Trichoderma</i> spp Isolated From Mural Paintings of Egyptian Tomb, Their Antifungal and Bioactivity

Abstract

19 of spp. were isolated from the surface of Nefer bau betah mural located in Giza plateau, Egypt. This tomb was previously deteriorated in 2007 by niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Alternaria alternata as a most deteriorated fungus causing damage for these mural paintings In 2019 the identification of microbes presented that the rate of Aspergillus niger growth decreased to 85% than the growth rate in 2007 and new 19 species of were isolated “that were not isolated before in 2007”. Three species of were identified according to their Bioactivity effect over Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus Flavus and Alternaria alternate and by their sequences in the GenBank to Trichoderma harzianum, T. hamatum, and T. aureoviride. Furthermore, the pigments of the wall of the tomb (Egyptian blue, Egyptian Green, Red Hematite) that were analyzed by SEM-EDX, Raman spectroscopy were essayed by the spectrophotometer. The results showed that the extracellular pigments have been produced by spp. causing a color change of archaeological pigments but in a safe range (less than 0.5%) otherwise, spp have the ability to inhibit the growth rate of the microorganisms that previously found in 2007. The optimization factors for increasing the bioactivity of the spp s were temperature between 30:35°c in acidic pH (pH=5.5) in the presents of sodium nitrate and sodium chlorine as salts deteriorated the tomb.