Abstract
Demosponges are a well-known source of a plethora of bioactive compounds. In particular, they are able to form a skeleton by direct deposition of silica in a process catalyzed by silicatein. Herein, we isolated biosilicas from five different Atlantic deep-sea sponges Geodia atlantica (GA), Geodia barretti (GB), Stelletta normani (SN), Axinella infundibuliformis (AI), and Phakellia ventilabrum (PV) to explore the bioactivity and osteogenic capacity of its silica-based materials. We chemically characterized the isolated biosilicas and evaluated them for their bioactivity to deposit Ca and P on their surface (by immersion in simulated body fluid, SBF). GB-, SN-, AI-, and PV-based biosilicas did not generate a stable calcium phosphate (CaP) layer over time in the presence of SBF, however, the GA-derived one was able to form a CaP surface layer (at a Ca/P ratio of ∼1.7, similar to the one observed for hydroxyapatite), that was stable during the 28 days of testing. In addition, no cytotoxicity toward L929 and SaOs2 cells was observed for the GA-based biosilica up to a concentration of 10 mg/mL. Overall, the GA-based biosilica presents the characteristics to be used in the development of biomaterials for bone tissue engineering (BTE).
Highlights
The marine environment is a source of a wide range of compounds, which have been subject of intense research due to their potential biomedical application
The microscopic observation of the biosilicas obtained from Geodia atlantica (GA) and Geodia barretti (GB) revealed the presence of different types of spicules, such as sterrasters and dichotriaenes, which have been previously reported and reviewed (Cárdenas et al, 2013)
Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the organic portion of the marine sponges were removed upon calcination at 800◦C during 6 h, with the silica content of these sponges accounting to about 50–60% of their dry mass (Supplementary Figure 1, example of TG and DTG curves obtained for GB)
Summary
The marine environment is a source of a wide range of compounds, which have been subject of intense research due to their potential biomedical application. It has been reported the extracted and purified marine-origin chemicals present antibiotic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities, among many others (Marris, 2006). The most common way used by marine sponges to produce their biosilica-based skeleton is through deposition/assembly catalyzed by silicatein (i.e., α, β, and γ isoforms) During this process, siliceous spicules are formed through the direct deposition of silica along the axial direction of the silicatein filaments (Cha et al, 1999; Müller et al, 2008; Ehrlich et al, 2010a) Siliceous spicules are formed through the direct deposition of silica along the axial direction of the silicatein filaments (Cha et al, 1999; Müller et al, 2008; Ehrlich et al, 2010a).
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