Abstract
Background: Several studies proved that anodic oxidation improves osseointegration. This study aimed to optimize osseointegration through anodization in dental implants, obtaining anatase phase and controlled nanotopography. Methods: The division of the groups with 60 titanium implants was: control (CG); sandblasted (SG); anodized (AG): anodized pulsed current (duty cycle 30%, 30 V, 0.2 A and 1000 Hz). Before surgery, surface characterization was performed using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy (EDS) and Raman Spectroscopy. For in vivo tests, 10 New Zealand white rabbits received an implant from each group. The sacrifice period was 2 and 6 weeks (n = 5) and the specimens were subjected to computed microtomography (μCT) and reverse torque test. Results: AFM and SEM demonstrated a particular nanotopography on the surface in AG; the anatase phase was proved by Raman spectroscopy. In the μCT and in the reverse torque test, the AG group presented better results than the other groups. Conclusion: The chemical composition and structure of the TiO2 film were positively affected by the anodizing technique, intensifying the biological characteristics in osseointegration.
Highlights
Several studies proved that anodic oxidation improves osseointegration
When analyzing the images obtained by the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), the presence of traces inherent to the machining stage of dental implants, a textured surface in the micrometer range and the adequate uniformity of a nanotextured surface, a characteristic pertinent to the anodizing process, was verified
Based on the results obtained from the analyzed parameters (BV, bone volume and trabecular volume (BV/TV) and Tb.Th), in this study we show that bone repair and BV/TV and Tb.Th osseointegration of the implants were accelerated in the groups that underwent the process anodizing in both periods
Summary
Several studies proved that anodic oxidation improves osseointegration. This study aimed to optimize osseointegration through anodization in dental implants, obtaining anatase phase and controlled nanotopography. The anodizing process has received considerable attention, as it is an efficient and low-cost reproducibility technique, in addition to exhibiting suitable surface modification for cellular activities, improving surface properties through nanotopography [1,2]. These changes in the surface of the implants can accelerate the bone repair process, as well as increase bone deposition [3,4], playing an important role in the osseointegration process, being the interface between cell-substrate crucial for the success of the biomaterial [5]. The crystalline forms of TiO2 are rutile, used in cosmetics and paints, with thermodynamic stability as a characteristic; bronquita, intermediate stage of crystallinity and anatase, which is the crystalline phase, manufactured at lower temperatures and has biocompatibility [10]
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