Abstract
Cymbaria daurica L. is widely used in traditional Mongolian medicine for the treatment of impetigo, psoriasis, pruritus, fetotoxicity, and diabetes. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory and α-glucosidase-inhibitory activities of four polar C. daurica extracts (water, n-butanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether extract) were preliminarily evaluated to identify the active extracts. We also investigated the chemical composition of the active extracts by phytochemical analysis. The n-butanol and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited significant (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. None of the tested extracts exhibited cytotoxic effects at the effective concentrations. The ethyl acetate extract significantly inhibited α-glucosidase activity, and the inhibition potency was equivalent to that of acarbose (p > 0.05). The n-Butanol extract presented the second highest inhibitory activity. As the n-butanol and ethyl acetate extracts were found to have potent anti-inflammatory and α-glucosidase-inhibitory activities, we separated and identified 10 compounds from the extracts. Among them, vanillic acid, cistanoside F, echinacoside, arenarioside, verbascoside, isoacteoside, and tricin were isolated from C. daurica for the first time. Further, 30 compounds from the n-butanol and ethyl acetate extracts of C. daurica were identified using UHPLC-Q-Exactive. The present study demonstrates for the first time that C. daurica contains phenylethanoid glycosides. In addition, this novel HPLC method was subsequently used for simultaneous identification of five compounds in the n-butanol and ethyl acetate extracts of C. daurica. This study provides a chemical basis for further characterization and utilization of C. daurica, which could be a potential source of novel anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory agents.
Highlights
Mongolian medicines, which are being used for decades to manage various diseases (Zhang et al, 2015), have a history of more than 1,000 years, and Mongolians have developed their system of medicines based on their own culture and experience (Li et al, 2012)
High glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) (Gibco, USA), fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin and streptomycin (HyClone, Thermo Scientific), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), lipopolysaccharide (Sigma, USA), and indomethacin (TMstandard, USA) were purchased from Sino-American Biotechnology Company (Beijing, China); ultrapure water was obtained from Gen Pure (Thermo, USA)
Effect of the Four C. daurica Extracts on the Viability of RAW 264.7 Cells RAW 264.7 cells, pretreated for 24 h with five different concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/mL) of the water, n-butanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum-ether extracts showed no significant differences in cell viability compared with that of the control group (p > 0.05) (Figure 2)
Summary
Mongolian medicines, which are being used for decades to manage various diseases (Zhang et al, 2015), have a history of more than 1,000 years, and Mongolians have developed their system of medicines based on their own culture and experience (Li et al, 2012). Mongolian medicine is considered important in drug discovery. It has gradually gained interest as a valuable source of potential medicines. The anti-inflammatory activities of C. daurica ethanol extracts have been reported in xylene-induced ear edema KM mice and egg white-induced paw edema SD rats. These studies revealed that C. daurica ethanol extract could restrain ear edema in mice and paw edema in rats at 6 h after egg whiteinduced inflammation (Guo et al, 2017). The main pharmacological activities of C. daurica can be attributed to the different bioactive compounds previously reported in this traditional plant
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
