Abstract
The aim of this present investigation was to analyze bioactive compounds, as well as demonstrate the antioxidant activities of nine cultivars of Australian lupin species accompanied by observing the effect of domestic heat processing on their antioxidant activities adopting in vivo and in vitro approaches. Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis was performed for profiling bioactive compounds present in lupin cultivars. Multiple assay techniques involving quantification of polyphenolics, flavonoids and flavonol, electron transfer (ET) based assay, hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-based assay and in vivo assays were performed. The major compounds found were hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester, methyl stearate, lupanine,13-docosenamide and 11-octadecenoic acid (Z)- methyl ester. Mandelup was found to show excellent antioxidant activity. Moreover, Jurien, Gunyidi and Barlock had strong antioxidant activity. Both positive and negative impacts of heat processing were observed on antioxidant activity. Heating and usage of excess water during processing were the key determinants of loss of antioxidants. Negligible loss of antioxidant activity was observed in most of the assays whereas inhibition of both lipid peroxidation (33.53%) and hemolysis of erythrocytes (37.75%) were increased after processing. In addition, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant assays are found to show statistically significant (* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01) results, which are supported by the presence of a number of antioxidant compounds in GC-MS analysis.
Highlights
Oxidative stress triggered by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) may lead to cellular oxidative damage which is the root cause of life threatening pathological conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, carcinogenesis, neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease), cataracts, chronic renal failure, immune disorders, aging and others
Antioxidants present in food are favorable over synthetic antioxidants because they contain multiple micronutrients in food that may act synergistically against chronic diseases caused by oxidative stress
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed for bioactive compounds profiling of all nine varieties of
Summary
Oxidative stress triggered by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) may lead to cellular oxidative damage which is the root cause of life threatening pathological conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular diseases (e.g., atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction), carcinogenesis, neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease), cataracts, chronic renal failure, immune disorders, aging and others. Phytochemicals having antioxidant properties are in noticeable emphasis as the chronic diseases caused by oxidative stress become the key reason of mortality and inactivity. Plant-derived phenolic compounds (e.g., flavonoid, flavonol, flavanone, falvanonol and isoflavone) have strong antioxidant activities, which may suppress oxidative stress by combating ROS as well as maintaining redox homeostasis [4]. Antioxidants present in food are favorable over synthetic antioxidants because they contain multiple micronutrients in food that may act synergistically against chronic diseases caused by oxidative stress. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has become steadfastly recognized as a key analytical platform for profiling secondary metabolites alike phenolics, steroids, alkaloids along with sugars, amino acids, fatty acids and others in plant, as well as non-plant sources [5,6,7,8]. The bioactive profile may help correlate the responsible key compounds required for distinct biological activities, as well as in revealing underlying mechanisms
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