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Abstract
The metal ion release characteristics and biocompatibility of meta-based materials are key factors that influence their use in orthodontics. Although stainless steel-based alloys have gained much interest and use due to their mechanical properties and cost, they are prone to localised attack after prolonged exposure to the hostile oral environment. Metal ions may induce cellular toxicity at high dosages. To circumvent these issues, orthodontic brackets were coated with a functional nano-thin layer of plasma polymer and further immobilised with enantiomers of tryptophan. Analysis of the physicochemical properties confirmed the presence of functional coatings on the surface of the brackets. The quantification of metal ion release using mass spectrometry proved that plasma functionalisation could minimise metal ion release from orthodontic brackets. Furthermore, the biocompatibility of the brackets has been improved after functionalisation. These findings demonstrate that plasma polymer facilitated surface functionalisation of orthodontic brackets is a promising approach to reducing metal toxicity without impacting their bulk properties.
Highlights
Orthodontic brackets are used in comprehensive orthodontic treatment during which they are semi-permanently bonded to teeth as part of a fixed appliance system to correct multiple malocclusion features simultaneously
Silicon wafers were obtained from M.M.R.C Pty Ltd. (Malvern, Australia). 2-methyl- 2 oxazoline, L- and D- isomers of tryptophan, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Dulbecco’s Modified
Orthodontic brackets (OB) were coated with oxazoline (OB-POX) based coating deposited from plasma and further decorated with enantiomers of amino acids (OB-POX/LTrp and orthodontic brackets (OB)-POX/D-Trp)
Summary
Orthodontic brackets are used in comprehensive orthodontic treatment during which they are semi-permanently bonded to teeth as part of a fixed appliance system to correct multiple malocclusion features simultaneously. They are typically made from alloys of metallic materials such as cobalt-chromium, stainless steel, and titanium [1]. Stainless steel alloys are popular due to their low cost, ideal biomechanical behaviour, corrosion resistance, and bio-affinity [2]. As the oral environment is favourable for the biodegradation of metals owing to its enzymatic, thermal, microbiological and ionic properties, stainless steel alloys corrode and release metal ions that either accumulate in tissues surrounding the appliances or are transferred to distant parts of the body. Orthodontic brackets’ biocompatibility primarily focuses on the number of metal ions leached into the surrounding medium
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