Bioactive phytochemicals from Salvia officinalis attenuate cadmium-induced oxidative damage and genotoxicity in rats.

Hanan M Rashwan,Mosaad A Abdel-Wahhab,Sekena H Abdel-Aziem,Zeinab K Hamza,Aziza A El-Nekeety,Nabila S Hassan,Hagar E Mohammed

doi:10.1007/s11356-021-15407-y

Hanan M Rashwan, Mosaad A Abdel-Wahhab + Show 5 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15407-y

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Abstract

This study was conducted to identify the bioactive phytochemicals in Salvia officinalis essential oil, to determine the polyphenols in the aqueous extract (SOE), and to evaluate their protective role against cadmium (Cd)-induced oxidative damage and genotoxicity in rats. Six groups of female rats were treated orally for 2 weeks including the control group, CdCl2-treated group, SOE-treated groups at low or high dose (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w), and CdCl2 plus SOE-treated groups at the two doses. The GC-MS analysis identified 39 compounds; the main compounds were 9-octadecenamide, eucalyptol, palmitic acid, and oleic acid. However, the HPLC analysis showed 12 polyphenolic compounds and the majority were coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, coffeic acid, catechin, vanillin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, and rutin. In the biological study, rats received CdCl2 displayed severe disturbances in liver and kidney indices alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin (Alb), total protein (TP), total bilirubin (T. Bil), direct bilirubin (D. Bil), creatinine, uric acid, and urea, lipid profile, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and CEA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), gene expressions, DNA fragmentation, and histological alterations in the liver and kidney tissue. SOE showed a potent antioxidant and mitigated these alterations in serum and tissue. Moreover, the high dose succeeded to normalize most of the tested parameters and histological features. It could be concluded that S. officinalis is a promising source for bioactive compounds with therapeutic benefits against environmental toxicants.

Highlights

Cadmium (Cd) is known to induce direct health hazards to humans in different forms
It is involved in Fenton reactions it does not have any catalytic effect in Fenton reactions, it can increase the release of free redox-active metals through the production of ROS and the indirect displacing of the endogenous Fenton metals such as Fe2+ from the proteins (Cuypers et al 2010)
The HPLC analysis of SEO identified 12 polyphenols (Table 3) and the paramount compounds based on their concentrations order were coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, coffeic acid, catechin, vanillin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, and Rutin

Summary

Introduction

Cadmium (Cd) is known to induce direct health hazards to humans in different forms. The concentration of Cd in the environment increases because of industrial activities, soil disruption, and volcanic activity (Godt et al 2006). Cd inhibits the production of lactate dehydrogenase, ATPase, SOD, and GPx activities and enhances the peroxidation of lipids and the generation of ROS (Cannino et al 2009). It is involved in Fenton reactions it does not have any catalytic effect in Fenton reactions, it can increase the release of free redox-active metals through the production of ROS and the indirect displacing of the endogenous Fenton metals such as Fe2+ from the proteins (Cuypers et al 2010). It was reported that Cd induces its carcinogenicity through different mechanisms including the production of ROS, oxidative damage, induction of inflammatory processes, attenuation of apoptosis, epigenetics, DNA damage, decreased repair capacity of DNA, modification in the gene expression, aberrant DNA methylation and cell proliferation (Buha et al 2018; Pizzino et al 2014; Zhou et al 2013)

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