Abstract
Palm oil is extracted from the palm tree, whose scientific name is Elaeis guineensis, which accounts for roughly 40% of global edible oil consumption and produces the most oil compared to other oil-producing plants. It is unique because it generates two types of oil: crude and kernel palm oil. The main production of oil palm cultivation is done in Southeast Asia on an area of 12.5 million hectares (about 70% of the total cultivated area in the world), mainly in Indonesia and Malaysia. Kernel oil from the kernel inside the nut and outside mesocarp are the two main products of its fruits. In the palm plantation, oil extraction makes up 10% of the entire biomass, while the remaining 90% is made up of oil palm biowaste (OPW); in other words, oil palm biomass (OPB), particularly oil palm fronds (OPF), oil palm trunks (OPT), empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm-pressed fiber (PPF), palm kernel shells (PKS), palm oil mill effluent (POME), and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). Like by-products from other oil processing industries, OPB poses a potential hazard for environmental pollution. However, they have substantially greater nutritional or bioactive components, i.e., phenols, sterols, polysterols, terpenes, coenzyme Q10, and glycolipids which contain biologically important properties such as anticancer and antioxidants. Thus, it is suitable for use as a nutraceutical ingredient in various foodstuffs after undergoing various processes. In contrast, OPB has excellent potential for conversion into renewable energy sources and value-added items, i.e., raw material used for pellets, fillers, adsorbents, fertilizers, and bioplastics. Therefore, in this section, the economic value of POB is emphasized. Furthermore, the qualities of the bioactive compounds in the extracts obtained from these wastes and the functional/biological characteristics of the extracts are examined. In addition, the food and nonfood applications of biomass extracts and their nonhealth uses are mentioned.
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