Bioactive Marine Natural Products

Abstract

1. Bioactive Metabolites of Marine Algae, Fungi and Bacteria 1. Introduction 2. Secondary Metabolites of Marine Algae 3. Bioactive Metabolites 3.1 Brominated phenols 3.2 Brominated oxygen heterocyclics 3.3 Nitrogen heterocyclics 3.4 Kainic acids 3.5 Guanidine derivatives 3.6 Phenazine derivatives 3.7 Amino acids and amines 3.8 Sterols 3.9 Sulfated polysaccharides 4. Marine Bacteria and Fungi 5. Micro Algae 6. Concluding Remarks References 2. Bioactive Metabolites of Marine Invertebrates 1. Introduction 2. Bioactive Metabolites 2.1 Steroids 2.2 Terpenoids 2.3 Isoprenoids 2.4 Prostaglandins 2.5 Quinones 2.6 Brominated compounds 3. Marine Toxins 3.1 Tetrodotoxin 3.2 Saxitoxin 3.3 Pahutoxin 4. Marine Nucleosides 4.1 Nitrogen-sulphur heterocyclics 5. Bioactive Metabolites of Marine Sponges 6. Marine Invertebrates of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands 6.1 Coelenterates 6.2 Sea Anemones 6.3 Corals 6.4 Bryozoans 6.5 Molluscs 6.6 Echinoderms 6.7 Sea-urchins 6.8 Tunicates 7. Concluding Remarks References 3. Separation and Isolation Techniques 1. Introduction 2. Separation Techniques 2.1 Water soluble constituents 2.2 Ion-exchange chromatography 2.3 Reverse-phase (RP) columns 2.4 High/medium pressure chromatography 2.5 Combination of ion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography 3. Bioassay Directed Fractionation 4. General Fractionation 5. Isolation Procedures 5.1 Amino acids and simple peptides 5.2 Peptides 5.3 Nucleosides 5.4 Cytokinins 5.5 Alkaloids 6. Marine Toxins 6.1 Saxitoxin 6.2 Brevetoxins 6.3 Tetrodotoxin 6.4 Ciguatoxin and its congeners 6.5 Maitotoxin 6.6 Palytoxin and its congeners 6.7 Gambierol 6.8 Okadaic acids and its congeners 6.9 Miscellaneous toxins 7. Concluding Remarks 4. Biological, Toxicological and Clinical Evaluation 1. Introduction 2. Types of Screening 2.1 Individual activity screening 2.2 Broad biological screening 3. Screening Models and Activity 3.1 Antibacterial and antifungal activities 3.2 Antileishmanial activity 3.3 Anthelmintic activity 3.4 Antimalarial activity 3.5 Antiviral activity 3.6 Antiinflammatory activity 3.7 Analgesic activity 3.8 Antiallergic activity 3.9 Antiarrhythmic and antithrombotic activities 3.10 Hypolipidaemic activity 3.11 Hypoglycaemic activity 3.12 Hypotensive activity 3.13 Antihypertensive activity 3.14 Diuretic activity 3.15 Adaptogenic and immunomodulatory activities 3.16 Immunomodulation activity 3.17 Hepatoprotective activity 3.18 Choleretic and anticholestatic activities 3.19 Acute toxicity and CNS activities 3.20 Isolated tissues 4. Anticancer Screening 4.1 Selection of materials 4.2 In vitro and in vivo activity 4.3 Screening methods 4.4 Screening problems 4.5 Current approach and status 5. Testing Methods 6. Toxicity Evaluation 6.1 Regulatory toxicity 6.2 Reproductive studies 6.3 Teratological study 6.4 Pre- and postnatal study 6.5 Carcinogenic study 6.6 Mutagenic study 7. Use of Animals in Experiments 8. Clinical Trials 8.1 Clinical trials prot