Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of death globally. Understanding and characterizing the biochemical context of the cardiovascular system in health and disease is a necessary preliminary step for developing novel therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring cardiovascular function. Bioactive lipids are a class of dietary-dependent, chemically heterogeneous lipids with potent biological signaling functions. They have been intensively studied for their roles in immunity, inflammation, and reproduction, among others. Recent advances in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques have revealed a staggering number of novel bioactive lipids, most of them unknown or very poorly characterized in a biological context. Some of these new bioactive lipids play important roles in cardiovascular biology, including development, inflammation, regeneration, stem cell differentiation, and regulation of cell proliferation. Identifying the lipid signaling pathways underlying these effects and uncovering their novel biological functions could pave the way for new therapeutic strategies aimed at CVD and cardiovascular regeneration.
Highlights
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world
A lack of proper retinoic acid signaling in embryonic development has been shown to cause perinatal lethality in the majority of mice [181]. Those that survive display a phenotype similar to that seen in human DiGeorge syndrome (DGS)—a genetic condition characterized by cardiac conotruncal malformations, aortic arch abnormalities, and facial and thyroid developmental defects [182]
The intimal cushion is a smooth muscle layer that helps to close the ductus arteriosus (DA), and these results further demonstrate the importance of prostaglandin signaling in controlling proper DA patency during development [256]
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Bioactive lipids are involved in many diverse functions, including cardiovascular development [9,16], cardiac regeneration [17], inflammation [18], blood coagulation [19], blood vessel permeability [20], angiogenesis [21], control of vascular tone [22], and cellular migration and adhesion [23] They play a critical role in the diverse physiological functions and pathological conditions of various other human diseases, such as obesity [24], inflammation [18], diabetes [25], and cancer [26,27]. Several major groups of bioactive lipids, such as oxylipins, lipophilic vitamins, and plant-derived chemical analogs, are reported to be beneficial to human health and are widely accepted as therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of disease [8] These observations are frequently empirical, and no rationale or mechanistic insight is available, highlighting the importance of filling the existing gap of knowledge in this field of study
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