Abstract
Nowadays, a prevalent joint disease affecting both cartilage and subchondral bone is osteoarthritis. Osteochondral tissue, a complex tissue unit, exhibited limited self-renewal potential. Furthermore, its gradient properties, including mechanical property, bio-compositions, and cellular behaviors, present a challenge in repairing and regenerating damaged osteochondral tissues. Here, tissue engineering and translational medicine development using bioprinting technology provided a promising strategy for osteochondral tissue repair. In this regard, personalized stratified scaffolds, which play an influential role in osteochondral regeneration, can provide potential treatment options in early-stage osteoarthritis to delay or avoid the use of joint replacements. Accordingly, bioactive scaffolds with possible integration with surrounding tissue and controlling inflammatory responses have promising future tissue engineering perspectives. This minireview focuses on introducing biologically active inks for bioprinting the hierarchical scaffolds, containing growth factors and bioactive materials for 3D printing of regenerative osteochondral substitutes.
Highlights
We focused on introducing osteochondral tissue structure and properties
They observed that the release of Sr and Si ions could significantly stimulate chondrocyte proliferation and suggested their bioactive ink formulation for osteochondral defects repair by its ability to activate the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) and Wingless/Int (Wnt) pathways (Figure 5A)
Advancements are expected across osteochondral tissue engineering (TE), mainly as novel formulation makes diverse inks available to users and as developed research generates further interest for their use
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. A bioactive bilayer bioprinted scaffold based on silk fibroin and decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) enriched with osteogenic growth factors implanted in the rabbits’ knee joint model for osteochondral regeneration [12]. Keriquel and coworkers explored in-situ bone formation after implantation of a laser-based bioprinted scaffold based on collagen and hydroxyapatite (HAp) in a calvaria defect in a mice model [11]. This minireview concentrated on bioactive inks for bioprinting the personalized scaffolds for osteochondral tissue regeneration. Bioactive inks containing relevant growth factors and bioactive materials for bone and cartilage regeneration are introduced as promising tissue repair approaches
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