Abstract
Bee pollen contains all the essential amino acids needed by humans. China is the largest producer of bee pollen in the world. In the present study, we identified 11 fatty acids in F. esculentum bee pollen oil by GC-MS analysis, and 16 compounds were isolated from F. esculentum bee pollen by column chromatography and identified. A high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method was established for the quality control of F. esculentum bee pollen. A validated HPLC-DAD method was successfully applied to the simultaneous characterization and quantification of nine main constituents in seven samples collected from seven different areas in China. The results showed that all standard calibration curves exhibited good linearity (R2 > 0.999) in HPLC-DAD analysis with excellent precision, repeatability and stability. The total amount in the samples from the seven regions ranged from 23.50 to 46.05 mg/g. In addition, seven compounds were studied for their bioactivity using enzymic methods, whereby kaempferol (3) showed high α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50: 80.35 μg/mL), ergosterol peroxide (8) showed high tyrosinase inhibitory activity (IC50: 202.37 μg/mL), and luteolin (1) had strong acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (IC50: 476.25 μg/mL). All results indicated that F. esculentum bee pollen could be a nutritious health food.
Highlights
Bee pollen (BP), one of the hive products in addition to honey, royal jelly and propolis, is gaining attention due to the presence of bioactive compounds associated with beneficial health properties [1,2].The BP composition varies due to the plant species and is influenced by age, nutritional condition of the plant, differences in gathering area and time as well as environmental conditions during pollen development [3,4,5,6]
The results showed that all standard calibration curves exhibited good linearity (R2 > 0.999) in HPLC-DAD analysis with excellent precision, repeatability and stability
BPSX was from Shannxi, BPAH was from Anhui, BPNM was from Neimeng, BPHN was from Heinan, BPGS was from Gansu, BPHB1 was from Hebei and BPHB2 was from Hubei
Summary
The BP composition varies due to the plant species and is influenced by age, nutritional condition of the plant, differences in gathering area and time as well as environmental conditions during pollen development [3,4,5,6]. Monofloral pollen pellets maintain organoleptic and biochemical properties similar to those of the original plant, whereas the multifloral pollen has variable properties of more than two original plants [7]. Α-Glucosidase (AG) is an important enzyme to maintain the normal metabolism of the human body. It hydrolyzes maltose and sucrose by catalyzing the hydrolysis of 1,4-glycosidic bonds in sugar, which is widely distributed in human body and plays a crucial role in human metabolism [18]
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