Abstract
Some species of Ganoderma, such as G. lucidum, are well-known as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and their pharmacological value was scientifically proven in modern days. However, G. boninense is recognized as an oil palm pathogen, and its biological activity is scarcely reported. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the antibacterial properties of G. boninense fruiting bodies, which formed by condensed mycelial, produced numerous and complex profiles of natural compounds. Extract was cleaned up with normal-phase SPE and its metabolites were analyzed using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LCMS). From the disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays, strong susceptibility was observed in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in elute fraction with zone inhibition of 41.08 ± 0.04 mm and MIC value of 0.078 mg mL−1. A total of 23 peaks were detected using MS, which were putatively identified based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z), and eight compounds, which include aristolochic acid, aminoimidazole ribotide, lysine sulfonamide 11v, carbocyclic puromycin, fenbendazole, acetylcaranine, tigecycline, and tamoxifen, were reported in earlier literature for their antimicrobial activity. Morphological observation via scanning electron microscope (SEM), cell membrane permeability, and integrity assessment suggest G. boninense extract induces irreversible damage to the cell membrane of MRSA, thus causing cellular lysis and death.
Highlights
The fruiting body of the Ganoderma genus practically is not acceptable as an edible mushroom due to its woody texture and bitter taste
This study revealed the importance of the further clean-up process to preconcentrate the targeted groups of metabolites for antibacterial activity from G. boninense fruiting body
The significant inhibitory effect of the ethyl acetate G. boninense solid-phase extraction (SPE) elute fraction (EF) against the selected Gram-positive bacteria evidenced SPE method has successfully preconcentrated the antibacterial compounds from the G. boninense crude extract
Summary
The fruiting body of the Ganoderma genus practically is not acceptable as an edible mushroom due to its woody texture and bitter taste. The bioactive β-1-3-glucan polysaccharides isolated from the fruiting body of G. lucidum exhibited a broad range of bioactivities including antitumor, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immune-stimulating effects while various metabolites of triterpenes such as ganoderic acids and lucidenic acids demonstrated antibacterial, antifungal, antiandrogenic, anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), antiplatelet aggregation effects, and others [7]. This study revealed the importance of the further clean-up process to preconcentrate the targeted groups of metabolites for antibacterial activity from G. boninense fruiting body. This is the first investigation of the antibacterial mode of action of G. boninense fruiting body extract
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