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Abstract
The risk of onset of cancer is influenced by poorly controlled chronic inflammatory processes. Inflammatory diseases related to cancer development include inflammatory bowel disease, which can lead to colon cancer, or actinic keratosis, associated with chronic exposure to ultraviolet light, which can progress to squamous cell carcinoma. Chronic inflammatory states expose these patients to a number of signals with tumorigenic effects, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activation, pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins release and ROS production. In addition, the participation of inflammasomes, autophagy and sirtuins has been demonstrated in pathological processes such as inflammation and cancer. Chemoprevention consists in the use of drugs, vitamins, or nutritional supplements to reduce the risk of developing or having a recurrence of cancer. Numerous in vitro and animal studies have established the potential colon and skin cancer chemopreventive properties of substances from marine environment, including microalgae species and their products (carotenoids, fatty acids, glycolipids, polysaccharides and proteins). This review summarizes the main mechanisms of actions of these compounds in the chemoprevention of these cancers. These actions include suppression of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, stimulation of antimetastatic and antiangiogenic responses and increased antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
Highlights
Cancer constitutes one of the leading causes of death, with an estimated 14.1 million new cases of cancer registerd worldwide in 2012, and it is expected to increase in the coming years [1]
Inflammatory diseases related to cancer development include inflammatory bowel disease, which can lead to colon cancer, or actinic keratosis, associated with chronic exposure to ultraviolet light, which can progress to squamous cell carcinoma
There are many triggers of chronic inflammation that increase the risk of cancer, such as immunological diseases and cutaneous lesions associated with chronic exposure to UV radiation
Summary
Cancer constitutes one of the leading causes of death, with an estimated 14.1 million new cases of cancer registerd worldwide in 2012, and it is expected to increase in the coming years [1]. Carcinogenesis of common epithelial tumours, including lung, colon, pancreas, ovary, skin, prostate and breast, which are responsible for most deaths, is a slow process that could start twenty years before the first symptoms appear. This long period is very suitable for using chemopreventive strategies that block the development of invasive and/or metastatic disease. In the last 30 years the need for new therapeutic molecules has given rise to a vast number of studies in marine invertebrates and microbes In this regard, many new interesting compounds, which are commonly referred to as marine natural products, have been discovered. This review summarizes the major bio-products obtained from microalgae (carotenoids, fatty acids, glycolipids, polysaccharides and proteins) with potential interest in the treatment/prevention of inflammatory diseases and colon and skin cancer
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