Abstract
Evaluation of abundantly available agro-industrial by-products for their bioactive compounds and biological activities is beneficial in particular for the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal and soybean meal were investigated for the presence of bioactive compounds and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Methanolic extracts of rapeseed meal showed significantly (P < 0.01) higher phenolics and flavonoids contents; and significantly (P < 0.01) higher DPPH and nitric oxide free radical scavenging activities when compared to that of cottonseed meal and soybean meal extracts. Ferric thiocyanate and thiobarbituric acid tests results showed rapeseed meal with the highest antioxidant activity (P < 0.01) followed by BHT, cotton seed meal and soybean meal. Rapeseed meal extract in xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase inhibitory assays showed the lowest IC50 values followed by cottonseed and soybean meals. Anti-inflammatory assay using IFN-γ/LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells indicated rapeseed meal is a potent source of anti-inflammatory agent. Correlation analysis showed that phenolics and flavonoids were highly correlated to both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Rapeseed meal was found to be promising as a natural source of bioactive compounds with high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities in contrast to cotton and soybean meals.
Highlights
IntroductionRapeseed meal, cottonseed meal and soybean meal are common by-products of the oil industry
Rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal and soybean meal are common by-products of the oil industry.These by-products are used for biodiesel, fertilizer and feed industries for livestock production, in particular the poultry industry, due to their high protein and low fibre content [1]
Total flavonoid content of 2.3 ± 0.01 mg rutin equivalents g−1 dry weight (DW) of rapeseed meal were significantly (P < 0.01) higher than that of the cottonseed meal and soybean meal (Table 1). These results were in agreement with Vuorela et al [11] who reported the higher content of phenolic compounds in rapeseed meal when compared to other oilseed meals
Summary
Rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal and soybean meal are common by-products of the oil industry These by-products are used for biodiesel, fertilizer and feed industries for livestock production, in particular the poultry industry, due to their high protein and low fibre content [1]. The increasing awareness of consumers to issues regarding food additive safety, results in an enhanced effort in finding alternative additives and preservatives from natural and probably safer sources [7]. In this regard, food manufacturers have been encouraged to use natural antioxidants instead of synthetic compounds to maintain the nutritional values of their products [8]. Rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal and soybean meal were evaluated for the presence of bioactive compounds and biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase inhibition
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