Bioactive Alkaloids from Marine Sponges

Abstract

Marine sponges are considered to be a rich source of biologically active secondary metabolites with unique and diverse chemical structures. They constitute nearly one third of the secondary metabolites isolated from marine organisms. Chemicals obtained from marine sponges find a wide range of pharmaceutical values, and as a result of these properties, isolation and identification of lead molecules from marine sponges continued to play a leading role in drug discovery research. Some of the molecules obtained from marine sponges have entered in market, while many are under clinical and preclinical trials. There is convincing report about the role of ecology on the production of these valuable secondary metabolites by marine organisms including sponges. The unique body structure of marine sponges which can filter and absorb nutrients from surrounding environment and unique adaptation to variable conditions lead sponges as a major source of bioactive metabolites among the marine organisms. Alkaloids constitute one of the main classes of secondary metabolites isolated from marine sponges. They have wide range of chemical structures and exist in derivatives of several heterocyclic rings. Alkaloids were found almost in all marine sponges and exhibited a wide range of biological activities. This chapter reviews on the various alkaloids, viz., pyridoacridine, indole, isoquinoline, pyridine, piperidine, quinolizidine, steroidal, and bromotyrosine alkaloid isolated from various marine sponges. A brief review on these alkaloids with their diverse structures available in each class along with their biological significance has been presented. The class of alkaloid along with the name of sponge from which the alkaloids were isolated and chemical structures of these alkaloids are presented.