Abstract
The present work is focused on the development of gelatin-based scaffolds crosslinked through carbodiimide reaction and their bioactivation by two different methods: (i) surface modification by inorganic signals represented by hydroxyapatite nanoparticles precipitated on scaffold through biomimetic treatment; (ii) analog of BMP-2 peptide decoration. The results showed the effects of polymer concentration and crosslinking time on the physico-chemical, morphological, and mechanical properties of scaffolds. Furthermore, a comparative study of biological response for both bioactivated structures allowed to evaluate the influence of inorganic and organic cues on cellular behavior in terms of adhesion, proliferation and early osteogenic marker expression. The bioactivation by inorganic cues induced positive cellular response compared to neat scaffolds in terms of increased cell proliferation and early osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC), as evidenced by the Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression. Similarly BMP-2 peptide decorated scaffolds showed higher values of ALP than biomineralized ones at longer time. The overall results demonstrated that the presence of bioactive signals (either inorganic or organic) at nanoscale level allowed an osteoinductive effect on hMSC in a basal medium, making the modified gelatin scaffolds a promising candidate for bone tissue regeneration.
Highlights
In bone tissue engineering, highly porous three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds play a critical role in new tissue formation for their similar structure to natural bone tissue
The B10 scaffolds showed, independently on the crosslinking parameters, a maximum of swelling ratio at about 350% (Figure 2B), while B5 scaffolds achieved a maximum at 600%, for B5 after h of crosslinking time (B5_3h), and 700% for B5_1h and B5_6h (Figure 2A)
Scaffolds with the lowest gelatin amount (B5) highlighted a slower degradation kinetic compared to B10 scaffolds
Summary
Highly porous three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds play a critical role in new tissue formation for their similar structure to natural bone tissue. The function of scaffold should be to provide a 3D spatial and temporal structure to guide cell infiltration and proliferation, leading to a new tissue (Kim et al, 1991). This purpose may be achieved with an open porosity that allows cell migration, growth and nutrient transport, providing in the same time a good mechanical support for new tissue (Weineir and Wagner, 1998; Kelly and Prendergast, 2005).
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