Abstract
The bioaccumulation of a broad range of pharmaceuticals and personal care product chemicals (PPCPs) was studied in Cootes Paradise Marsh (CPM), an urban wetland that receives tertiary treated municipal waste waters as well as urban storm runoff. We measured PPCPs in caged and wild goldfish, as well as wild carp, and compared observed bioaccumulation factors (BAFP) using concentrations in surface waters and fish blood plasma, with modeled BAFs. Thirty-two PPCPs were detected in water from the central CPM site (CPM3) while 64 PPCPs were found at higher concentrations at a site immediately downstream of the effluent outflow (CPM1). Following a 3-week deployment, 15 PPCPs were detected in the plasma of caged goldfish at CPM1, and 14 at CPM3, compared to only 3 in goldfish caged at a reference site. The highest BAFP in goldfish were for the antidepressant Σfluoxetine averaging 386 L/kg in caged and 906 L/kg in wild goldfish, respectively. In carp, ΣDiazepam (diazepam and oxazepam) had the highest BAFP (927 L/kg). This study identified a broader range of PPCPs in fish and surface waters than previously reported. However, modeled BAFs did not show good agreement with observed whole body or plasma BAFs, demonstrating that more work is needed to better explain bioaccumulation of PPCPs.
Highlights
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) have been measured in municipal wastewater effluents and in receiving waters in southern Ontario (Canada) including in Hamilton Harbour[1,2,3,4,5] and the adjoining Cootes Paradise Marsh (CPM)[6,7]
Thirty-two of 127 pharmaceuticals and personal care product chemicals (PPCPs) target analytes were detected in water from the central CPM site (CPM3) in samples collected in January and July 2014 (SI Table S2; Fig. 1)
PPCPs were detected at the same frequency and generally at a similar range of concentrations in samples collected at CPM3 in August 2012
Summary
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) have been measured in municipal wastewater effluents and in receiving waters in southern Ontario (Canada) including in Hamilton Harbour[1,2,3,4,5] and the adjoining Cootes Paradise Marsh (CPM)[6,7]. Chemicals in some personal care products such as musks, triclosan, UV filters, and alkyl phenols have been widely determined in wild fish[8,9] including in fish from rivers and harbours in the North American Great Lakes region[10,11,12,13,14] Many of these latter compounds are relatively hydrophobic and predicted to bioaccumulate in fish[15]. By addressing a larger suite of PPCPs than has previously been determined and doing so in fish plasma we hoped to help to prioritize which compounds represent the greatest exposure risk for wild fish near municipal wastewater outfalls
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