Abstract
In this article, hierarchical porous carbon (HPC) with high surface area of 1604.9 m2/g is prepared by the pyrolysis of rubberwood sawdust using CaCO3 as a hard template. The bio-oil pyrolyzed from the rubber sawdust, followed by the polymerization reaction to form resole phenolic resin, can be used as a carbon source to prepare HPC. The biomass-derived HPC shows a three-dimensionally interconnected morphology which can offer a continuous pathway for ionic transport. The symmetrical supercapacitors based on the as-prepared HPC were tested in 1.0 M tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate/propylene carbonate electrolyte. The results of electrochemical analysis show that the HPC-based supercapacitor exhibits a high specific capacitance of 113.3 F/g at 0.5 A/g with superior rate capability and cycling stability up to 5000 cycles. Hybrid lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) based on the HPC and Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) were also fabricated. The LICs have a maximum energy density of 113.3 Wh/kg at a power density of 281 W/kg. Moreover, the LIC also displays a remarkable cycling performance with a retention of 92.8% after 3000 cycles at a large current density of 0.75 A/g, suggesting great potential application in the energy storage of the LIC.
Highlights
Due to the continuous advancement of science and technology, various electrical appliances and 3C products are widely used by the world
HMMC electrodes were prepared by mixing active material (80 wt%), carbon black (15 wt%) and polyacrylic acid (5 wt%) in de-ionized water; LTO electrodes were prepared by mixing the active material, conductive carbon and poly at a weight ratio of 80:10:10 in N-methylpyrrolidone
The resultant bio-oil can be directly used as a carbon source to synthesize the hierarchical porous carbon (HPC)
Summary
Due to the continuous advancement of science and technology, various electrical appliances and 3C products are widely used by the world. Porous carbon materials have attracted much attention for their applications in EDLCs, owing to their large surface area, diverse pore structure and good chemical and thermal stability Various carbonaceous materials such as activated carbon [1,2], carbon aerogel [3,4], carbon nanotube [5,6], carbon fiber [7,8,9] and graphene [10,11,12] have been used for the electrode material in EDLCs. Biomass is one of the most abundant renewable resources on earth. With the CaCO3 as hard templates, the bio-oil-based resol resins are high-quality carbon sources to prepare the HPC via the carbonization process. Compared with the raw bio-oil, the HPC prepared with the obtained phenolic resin as the precursor showed higher yield and could reduce the emission of CO2 and volatile organic compounds. Polymers 2022, 14, 575 of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2, and these samples were denoted as 0.25-HPC, 0.5-HPC, 1-HPC and 2-HPC, respectively
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