Abstract
With the exception of a few areas, Lake Michigan (LM) is an oligotrophic clear water body. It is predominantly in its littoral zone where ecology-relevant processes unfold due to a variety of natural and anthropogenic forcings arising from the watershed. However, the bottom influence there is strong enough to contaminate the at-satellite signal, thus impeding the remote sensing of water quality parameters within the coastal zone. A new bio-optical retrieval algorithm, based on a forward radiation transfer model, LM specific hydro-optical model and the multivariate optimization technique is developed for operational retrieval from satellite data of water quality parameters in lakes optically shallow areas. Application of the developed operational tool to processing MODIS-Aqua data (matching up the location and timing of in situ CPA and radiometric measurements) has convincingly shown its advantage over the OC4 performance in lacustrine optically shallow waters at all sampling stations.
Highlights
In this study of Lake Michigan’s peripheral zone, we developed a multiband Bio-Optical REtrieval ALgorIthm for Optically Shallow Waters coined BOREALI-OSW
Laboratory measurements of total suspended matter (TSM) would have been useful to establish a baseline value for particulates, the sheer volume of water necessary to provide a measureable amount of TSM in oligotrophic Lake Michigan was not feasible to obtain in the water craft used (17 ft R/V Boston Whaler) in these sampling activities
In attacking the problem of remote sensing of optically shallow waters with the purpose of retrieving concentrations of CPAs against the background of the light signal originating from bottom reflections, we pursued two avenues
Summary
In this study of Lake Michigan’s peripheral zone, we developed a multiband Bio-Optical REtrieval ALgorIthm for Optically Shallow Waters coined BOREALI-OSW. The algorithm retrieves CPA concentrations from remote sensing reflectance in clear waters for a variety of bottom depths and bottom types. It is an extension of the BOREALI algorithm that has been previously developed for optically deep and turbid waters, went through thorough verification campaigns [Korosov et al, 2009] and proved its efficiency for a wide variety of water bodies including the North European and North American Great Lakes, among the latter – Lake Michigan [Shuchman et al, 2006]. In the second part we are reporting on the assessment of the developed algorithm efficiency This is done through a series of comparisons of retrieval results of the chlorophyll concentration (CHL) with concurrent in situ CHL measurements. In the absence of in situ CHL determinations, the algorithm efficiency is proved through radiometric analysis of the spectral features of remote sensing reflectance, Rrs (λ)
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