Abstract
In the last decade, interest in the field of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has increased enormously. This review describes all the currently used bio-printing inks, including polymeric hydrogels, polymer bead microcarriers, cell aggregates and extracellular matrix proteins.
Highlights
In the field of tissue engineering, 3D bioprinting has allowed the study of tissues and organs on a new level
This review describes all the currently used bio-printing inks, including polymeric hydrogels, polymer bead microcarriers, cell aggregates and extracellular matrix proteins
Additive manufacturing (AM), more commonly known as 3D printing, is a rapidly growing field of interest that fabricates physical objects by depositing material layer-by-layer according to a digital model
Summary
Additive manufacturing (AM), more commonly known as 3D printing, is a rapidly growing field of interest that fabricates physical objects by depositing material layer-by-layer according to a digital model. When the force of this focal point exceeds the surface tension at the exit channel, a droplet will be ejected.[5] As the acoustic waves are critical for droplet ejection, any disturbances by a moving print head and/ or substrate can interfere with the printing process by losing control over droplet ejection Another disadvantage of the acoustic bioprinting technique is the inability to print with viscous bio-inks containing a high cellular concentration, such as commonly used hydrogels.[5]. Extrusion-based printing was introduced in the early 2000s and is the most common and affordable bioprinting technique.[11] It is able to fabricate 2D and 3D structures by continuous dispersion of a hydrogel containing cells through a micronozzle.[18] Extrusion-based printers disperse the bio-ink through a pneumatic or mechanical system.[24] The 2D patterns are created by physically or chemically solidifying the hydrogels. This printer was able to fabricate mandible and calvarial bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle.[41]
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