Abstract
Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) is a popular traditional herbal medicine which has been used to alleviate various human diseases in Korea since ancient times. However, the low bioaccessibility of the nutraceutical compounds of AGN results in a poor water solubility, thereby limiting bioavailability. In this regard, a ternary AGN–biopolymer–plasticizer composite (AGNC) was developed to enhance the bioaccessibility of nutraceutical compounds from extrudate AGN formulations manufactured by hot melt extrusion (HME). The AGNC was prepared with extrudate AGN (EAGN) using different hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) biopolymers (5% w/w) viz.: hypromellose phthalate (HP), hypromellose (AN), and hypromellose (CN) along with acetic acid (AA) (0.1 M, 20% w/v) as a plasticizer. The non-extrudate fresh AGN (FAGN) powder was used as a control. The physicochemical properties of the extrudate formulations and control were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). DSC analysis showed a lower enthalpy (ΔH) (12.22 J/g) and lower glass transition temperature (Tg) (41 °C) in HP-AA-EAGN compared to the control. FTIR confirmed the physical crosslinking between AGN and biopolymer in the extrudate composite and demonstrated that some functional groups formed viz., -OH and -CH2. The obtained result also shows that the particle size was reduced by 341 nm, and solubility was increased by 65.5% in HP-AA-EAGN compared to the control (1499 nm, 29.4%, respectively). The bioaccessibility of the total phenolic content and the total flavonoids—including decursin (D) and decursinol angelate (DA)—were significantly higher in HP-AA-EAGN compared to the control. The 2,2-diphenyl-1 picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) indicated that the HP-AA-EAGN formulation preserves a greater antioxidant profile than the other formulations. Finally, it is summarized that the addition of acidified HP biopolymer increased the bioaccessibility, functionality, and improved the physicochemical properties of nutraceutical compounds in the extrudate AGN formulation.
Highlights
Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) is a traditional herbal medicine which has been used as a functional food in Korea since ancient times
This study showed that the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) biopolymer enhanced the bioaccessibility of secondary compounds from soybeans, and prepared a nanosized particle
Particle size was reduced by three times in the extrudate AGN (EAGN) and by five times in the hypromellose phthalate (HP)-acetic acid (AA)-EAGN compared to the fresh AGN (FAGN)
Summary
Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) is a traditional herbal medicine which has been used as a functional food in Korea since ancient times. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) is a hydrophilic biocompatible hydrocolloid with excellent film-forming properties, mainly used in the food industry as a stabilizer, an emulsifier, and a protective colloid [7] It has hydration and gel-forming capabilities which enhance solubility, reduce particle size, control the delivery system in the intestines, and control the pH-dependent dissolution behavior of the active ingredients [8,9]. To the best of our knowledge, there is no research published on the preparation of AGN-biopolymer solid formulation in order to improve their functionality In this regard, an A. gigas Nakai composite was developed using the HPMC biopolymer with a plasticizer (acetic acid), to enhance the bioaccessibility of the nutraceutical compounds. It is hypothesized that a polymer-plasticizer-based AGN composite would potentially improve the functionality of the nutraceutical compounds from A. gigas Nakai
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