Abstract
Erythrocytes must maintain a biconcave discoid shape in order to efficiently deliver oxygen (O2) molecules and to recycle carbon dioxide (CO 2) molecules. The erythrocyte is a small toroidal dielectrophoretic (DEP) electromagnetic field (EMF) driven cell that maintains its zeta potential (ζ) with a dielectric constant (ԑ) between a negatively charged plasma membrane surface and the positively charged adjacent Stern layer. Here, we propose that zeta potential is also driven by both ferroelectric influences (chloride ion) and ferromagnetic influences (serum iron driven). The Golden Ratio, a function of Phi φ, offers a geometrical mathematical measure within the distinct and desired curvature of the red blood cell that is governed by this zeta potential and is required for the efficient recycling of CO 2 in our bodies. The Bio‐Field Array (BFA) shows potential to both drive/fuel the zeta potential and restore the Golden Ratio in human erythrocytes thereby leading to more efficient recycling of CO 2. Live Blood Analyses and serum CO 2 levels from twenty human subjects that participated in immersion therapy sessions with the BFA for 2 weeks (six sessions) were analyzed. Live Blood Analyses (LBA) and serum blood analyses performed before and after the BFA immersion therapy sessions in the BFA pilot study participants showed reversal of erythrocyte rheological alterations (per RBC metric; P = 0.00000075), a morphological return to the Golden Ratio and a significant decrease in serum CO 2 (P = 0.017) in these participants. Immersion therapy sessions with the BFA show potential to modulate zeta potential, restore this newly defined Golden Ratio and reduce rheological alterations in human erythrocytes.
Highlights
The Golden Ratio is an irrational number and a function of Phi φ, and has been studied by mathematicians, biologists, artists, musicians, historians, architects, etc. for centuries (Livio 2008)
When this surface current flow is static, the zeta potential is enhanced and the size, shape, proportion, curvature of the erythrocyte transforms to a Golden Ratio proportion (Figs. 1–3).This Golden Ratio proportion of the red blood cell appears to house a dielectrophoretic electromagnetic field flow fractionation (DEP EMFFF) that may participate in the efficient delivery of O2 to the tissues and just as importantly to recycle the cellular respiration waste product of CO2 in our bodies
We propose that the negatively charged diamagnetic chloride anions and diamagnetic hydrophilic region of the plasma membrane interact to form an interfacial exclusion zone between the negative surface membrane and the adjacent positively charged Stern layer of the erythrocyte that allows for a separation and exchange of charged ions that is fueled by the Bio-Field Array (BFA) dcDEP-EMF and drives the center DEP EMFFF for the efficient recycling of CO2 (Pollack et al 2009; Purnell and Skrinjar 2016b)
Summary
The Golden Ratio is an irrational number and a function of Phi φ, and has been studied by mathematicians, biologists, artists, musicians, historians, architects, etc. for centuries (Livio 2008). The red blood cell unique design is a toroid where currents flow on the surface of the torus (Fig. 2) (Papasimakis et al 2016) When this surface current flow is static (due to efficient separation of the positively charged Stern layer and negative surface membrane charges; Fig. 2), the zeta potential is enhanced and the size, shape, proportion, curvature of the erythrocyte transforms to a Golden Ratio proportion The BFA applies both electric and magnetic signals and appears to be a novel multiferroic application that exhibits both ferromagnetic and ferroelectric changes in and around cellular membranes of living organisms (Hur et al 2004; Purnell and Skrinjar 2016b) When this static flow on the erythrocyte membrane surface is interrupted by a lack of separation between the negative surface membrane charge and the Stern layer, the zeta potential weakening leads to geometric proportion distortion, decreased electric permittivity, increased viscosity, flocculation and rheological alterations When these known rheological alterations and distortion of the Golden Ratio proportion occur, there is a decreased efficiency of O2/CO2 exchange possibly due to a disruption in the DEP EMFFF that resides in the center of the torus (Figs. 1–5)
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