Abstract
Within the Waste2Fuel project, innovative, high-performance, and cost-effective fuel production methods from municipal solid wastes (MSWs) are sought for application as energy carriers or direct drop-in fuels/chemicals in the near-future low-carbon power generation systems and internal combustion engines. Among the studied energy vectors, C1-C2 alcohols and ethers are mainly addressed. This study presents a potential bio-derived ethanol oxidative coupling in the gas phase in multicomponent systems derived from hydrotalcite-containing precursors. The reaction of alcohol coupling to ethers has great importance due to their uses in different fields. The samples have been synthesized by the co-precipitation method via layered double hydroxide (LDH) material synthesis, with a controlled pH, where the M(II)/M(III) ≈ 0.35. The chemical composition and topology of the sample surface play essential roles in catalyst activity and product distribution. The multiple redox couples Ni2+/Ni3+, Cr2+/Cr3+, Mn2+/Mn3+, and the oxygen-vacant sites were considered as the main active sites. The introduction of Cr (Cr3+/Cr4+) and Mn (Mn3+/Mn4+) into the crystal lattice could enhance the number of oxygen vacancies and affect the acid/base properties of derived mixed oxides, which are considered as crucial parameters for process selectivity towards bio-DEE and bio-butanol, preventing long CH chain formation and coke deposition at the same time.
Highlights
IntroductionFuel demand and greenhouse gas (GHG) challenges will most likely require the use of fuel mixtures, which can be derived from a large variety of primary energy sources, with renewable ones taking priority [7,8,9,10]
The catalysts obtained from hydrotalcite-containing precursors have demonstrated a moderate activity in the dehydrogenation coupling of bio-ethanol to produce more caloric bio-fuels, namely, diethyl ether (DEE) and n-butanol
(623 K and 0.1 MPa), the highest conversion was obtained for the bare Ni0.35 Al-CO3 (WP-1)
Summary
Fuel demand and GHG challenges will most likely require the use of fuel mixtures, which can be derived from a large variety of primary energy sources, with renewable ones taking priority [7,8,9,10]. There is a broad agreement that all sustainable fuels will need to eliminate the carbon footprint [12] and fully meet the expected demand to be used among others as feedstocks in various chemical processes and fine chemical synthesis to valuable products [13,14]. Among versatile and vital resources, biomass and wastes (i.e., municipal solid wastes, MSWs) receive continuously increasing attention as a promising feedstock (carbon source) for chemical and fuel production [12,15,16,17]
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