Binding site of novel 2-benzylamino-4-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-1,3,5-triazine herbicides in the D1 protein of Photosystem II.

Abstract

A series of replacement experiments of [(14)C]-triazines, [(14)C]-atrazine and [7-(14)C]-2-benzylamino-4-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-1,3,5-triazine, bound to thylakoids isolated from wild-type and atrazine-resistant Chenopodium album (lambsquarters) were conducted. Replacement experiments of [(14)C]-triazines bound to wild-type Chenopodium thylakoids with non-labeled atrazine and 2-benzylamino-4-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-1,3,5-triazine were carried out, to elucidate whether benzylamino-1,3,5-triazines use the same binding niche as atrazine. [(14)C]-Atrazine and [7-(14)C]-2-benzylamino-4-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-1,3,5-triazine bound to wild-type thylakoids were replaced by non-labeled 2-benzylamino-4-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-1,3,5-triazine and non-labeled atrazine, respectively. The above two replacements showed mutual competition. To clarify further whether benzylamino-1,3,5-triazines bind at the D1-protein to amino acid residue(s) different from atrazine or not, experiments to replace [7-(14)C]-2-benzylamino-4-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-1,3,5-triazines bound to atrazine-resistant Chenopodium thylakoids by non-labeled atrazine, 2-(4-bromobenzylamino)-4-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-1,3,5-triazine, DCMU and DNOC were carried out. Although the bound [7-(14)C]-2-benzylamino-4-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-1,3,5-triazine was difficult to be replaced even with high concentrations of atrazine, [(14)C]-labeled 1,3,5-triazine was competitively replaced by non-labeled 2-(4-bromobenzylamino)-4-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-1,3,5-triazine, DCMU or DNOC. Thus, 2-benzylamino-4-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-1,3,5-triazine herbicides are considered to bind to the same niche at the D1 protein as atrazine, but use amino acid residue(s) different from those involved with atrazine binding.