Binding order of substrate and cofactor in sulfonamide monooxygenase during sulfa drug degradation: in silico studies

Abstract

For decades, sulfonamide antibiotics have been used across industries such as agriculture and animal husbandry. However, the use and inadvertent misuse of these antibiotics have resulted in the advent of sulfonamide-drug-resistant strains due to antibiotic pollution. Enzymatic bioremediation of antibiotics remains a potential emerging solution to combat antibiotic pollution. Here, we propose an enzymatic model for the degradation of sulfonamides by Microbacterium sp. We have employed a multi-pronged computational strategy involving – protein structure modelling, ligand docking and molecular dynamics simulations to decipher a plausible binding order for the enzymatic degradation of sulfonamides by the bacterial sulfonamide monooxygenase, SulX. Our results enable us to predict that this degradation is achieved through the sequential binding of the antibiotic sulfonamide followed by the reduced flavin cofactor FMNH2, thereby laying the computational foundation for further advancements in enzyme-mediated degradation of the antibiotic. We also provide a list of experiments which may be performed to verify and follow-up on our in-silico studies. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma