Binder-Based Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils: A Review of Solidification/Stabilization Methods

Abstract

Heavy metal contaminants are posing serious threats to the ecosystem and human beings. Such contaminants are produced by different human activities, including industry, farming, and mining. Treatment of heavy metal contaminants must be implemented by regulatory bodies to preserve the environment. Due to the stable form of metal contaminants, the solidification and stabilization treatment method is a proven technique to decrease the harm and stability of these pollutants. Stabilization can be achieved chemically using binders or mechanically by controlling the drainage conditions of contaminated land. Different binders to stabilize heavy metals are proposed in the literature, including Portland cement, calcium oxide, and fly ash. It is very important to classify stabilization binders based on their chemical class as organic or inorganic. Such classification facilitates a better evaluation of the binder efficiency with different metal contaminants. The current study provides an overall review of the different types of binders that can be used to stabilize the soil.