Abstract
Titanium (Ti) has been used for long in dentistry and medicine for implant purpose. During the years, not only the commercially pure Ti but also some alloys such as binary and tertiary Ti alloys were used. The aim of this review is to describe and compare the current literature on binary Ti alloys, including Ti–Zr, Ti–In, Ti–Ag, Ti–Cu, Ti–Au, Ti–Pd, Ti–Nb, Ti–Mn, Ti–Mo, Ti–Cr, Ti–Co, Ti–Sn, Ti–Ge and Ti–Ga, in particular to mechanical, chemical and biological parameters related to implant application. Literature was searched using the PubMed and Web of Science databases, as well as google without limiting the year, but with principle key terms such as ‘ Ti alloy’, ‘binary Ti ’, ‘Ti-X’ (with X is the alloy element), ‘dental implant’ and ‘medical implant’. Only laboratory studies that intentionally for implant or biomedical applications were included. According to available literatures, we might conclude that most of the binary Ti alloys with alloying <20% elements of Zr, In, Ag, Cu, Au, Pd, Nb, Mn, Cr, Mo, Sn and Co have high potential as implant materials, due to good mechanical performance without compromising the biocompatibility and biological behaviour compare to cp-Ti.
Highlights
Titanium (Ti) is a transition metal and element with the atomic number of 22
Ti and its alloys can be used in various medical usages, e.g. surgical implements and implants, and in dentistry, e.g. abutment, prostheses and orthodontic wires [2]
Loads from skeletal could be more evenly distributed between bone and implant, and led to a lower incidence of bone degradation which is due to [1] stress shielding and [2] periprosthetic bone fractures happened at the orthopaedic implants boundaries [5]
Summary
Titanium (Ti) is a transition metal and element with the atomic number of 22. Ti has a lustrous finishing and characterized with silver colour, low density and high strength. For b-Ti, beta phase was observed at room temperature after quenching, or sometimes even upon air cooling It is ready for cold working (forming), and could be solution-treated, quenched and aged to give higher strength together with low ductility. The commercially pure Ti (cp-Ti) is divided into four Grades from 1 to 4, according to the purity and the processing oxygen content [10]. These different grades of cp-Ti have various corrosion resistance ability, ductility, and strength (Fig. 1). Grade 1 cp-Ti, which is processed with the least oxygen content (around 0.18%), has the highest purity, the best corrosion resistance ability and formability. Due to the highest exhibited strength, most Ti implants are made from Grade 4 cp-Ti
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