Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most popular and commonly used plasticizer in the industry. Over the past decade, new chemicals that belong to the bisphenol group have increasingly been used in industrial applications as alternatives to BPA. Nevertheless, information on the combined effects of bisphenol (BP) analogues is insufficient. Therefore, our current study aimed to find the biological response modulations induced by the binary mixtures of BP compounds. We determined the toxicity levels in Microtox and XenoScreen YES/YAS assays for several BP analogs alone, and for their binary mixtures. The results obtained constituted the database for chemometric intelligent data analysis to evaluate the possible interactions occurring in the mixtures. Several chemometric/biophysical models have been used (concentration addition—CA, independent action—IA and polynomial regression calculations) to realize this aim. The best fitting was found for the IA model and even in this description strong evidence for synergistic behaviors (modes of action) of some bisphenol analogue mixtures was demonstrated. Bisphenols A, S, F and FL were proven to be of significant endocrine threat (with respect to XenoScreen YES/YAS assay); thus, their presence in mixtures (including presence in tissues of living organisms) should be most strictly monitored and reported.
Highlights
Over the past decade, new chemicals that belong to the bisphenol group have increasingly been used in industrial applications as an alternative to bisphenol A, but current knowledge of their environmental and biological impact is still limited
This question was asked: What elements of the structure are responsible for the toxicity of these environmental pollutants? The results of molecular modeling performed with molecular dynamics are presented in Supplementary Table S2
Results of Concentration Addition (CA) studies as a function of Model Deviation Ratios (MDRs) parameter values are summarized in Table 2a below
Summary
New chemicals that belong to the bisphenol group have increasingly been used in industrial applications as an alternative to bisphenol A, but current knowledge of their environmental and biological impact is still limited. The occurrence of bisphenol analogues was poorly researched, but in recent years, this chemical group has been attracting more scientific attention. The number of studies proving that bisphenols are present in different elements of the environment is growing, but to the best of our knowledge, there is no study focused on the assessment of the possible interactions occurring between these chemicals. The group of bisphenols consists of chemicals that contain two p-hydroxyphenyl functionalities in their molecular structure. The most widely known analogue—BPA—Is a synthetic chemical used for a broad spectrum of commercial applications worldwide.
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