Abstract
Ultrasound (US) and X-ray imaging are diagnostic methods that are commonly used to image internal body structures. Several organic and inorganic imaging contrast agents are commercially available. However, their synthesis and purification remain challenging, in addition to posing safety issues. Here, we report on the promise of widespread, safe, and easy-to-produce particulate calcium fluoride (part-CaF2) as a bimodal US and X-ray contrast agent. Pure and highly crystalline part-CaF2 is obtained using a cheap commercial product. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) depicts the morphology of these particles, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirms their chemical composition. Diffuse reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy highlights their insulating behavior. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern reveals that part-CaF2 crystallizes in the face-centered cubic cell lattice. Further analyses regarding peak broadening are performed using the Scherrer and Williamson–Hall (W-H) methods, which pinpoint the small crystallite size and the presence of lattice strain. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) solely exhibits specific peaks related to CaF2, confirming the absence of any contamination. Additionally, in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo maximum tolerated dose (MTD) tests prove the biocompatibility of part-CaF2. Finally, the results of the US and X-ray imaging tests strongly signal that part-CaF2 could be exploited in bimodal bioimaging applications. These findings may shed a new light on calcium fluoride and the opportunities it offers in biomedical engineering.
Highlights
Ultrasound (US) echography and X-ray radiography are among the most frequently employed techniques in bioimaging [1,2,3]
The optimum size depends on the targeted bioapplications [9], the part-CaF2 generated in this study fell within the range of liposomes and polymeric particles used in drug delivery systems and biomedical imaging [9,10]
We described the facile production of calcium fluoride particles that are highly crystalline and pure according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses
Summary
Ultrasound (US) echography ( known as sonography) and X-ray radiography are among the most frequently employed techniques in bioimaging [1,2,3]. Calcium fluoride (CaF2), an inorganic compound known as fluorite, exhibits excellent biocompatibility [12,13], biodegradability [14,15,16,17], antibacterial activity [18], and antibiofilm properties [19] This material holds tremendous promise for biomedical applications. We describe the preparation of CaF2 particles from a cheap commercial sealant product and their extensive physico-chemical characterization using several techniques We describe their excellent biocompatibility, studied both in vitro and in vivo, and highlight their outstanding features as a bimodal ultrasound and X-ray contrast agent for biomedical imaging applications
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