Abstract
On basis of the galvanic replacement between the previously supported Fe, Ni, Cu, and Co nanoparticles (NPs) and Ru salt followed by acid treatment, a novel strategy was developed for the fabrication of bimetallic Ru–M/TiO2 (M = Fe, Ni, Cu, Co) nanocomposite catalysts. The surface structure, composition, chemical state, and acidic properties of the catalysts were comprehensively investigated by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic spectrum, and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine. It is identified that the Ru species on the Ru–M/TiO2 catalysts were electron-deficient owing to the electron-donation from Ru to sacrificial templates. In benzene selective hydrogenation to cyclohexene, the turnover frequencies of benzene on the Ru–Fe/TiO2, Ru–Ni/TiO2, and Ru–Co/TiO2 catalysts are similar and higher than that on the Ru–Cu/TiO2 catalyst, whereas the selectivity to cyclohexene increased in the order of Ru–Fe/TiO2 < Ru–Ni/TiO2 < Ru–Cu/TiO2 < Ru–Co/TiO2, attaining a maximum of 85%. The sequence of the electron-deficient degree of Ru on the Ru–M/TiO2 catalysts is identical with that of the cyclohexene selectivity, which rationalized the variation of cyclohexene selectivity since the electron-deficient Ru species may lower the adsorption strength of cyclohexene on the catalysts.
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