Bile acid-conjugated chondroitin sulfate A-based nanoparticles for tumor-targeted anticancer drug delivery

Abstract

Chondroitin sulfate A-deoxycholic acid (CSA-DOCA)-based nanoparticles (NPs) were produced for tumor-targeted delivery of doxorubicin (DOX). The hydrophobic deoxycholic acid (DOCA) derivative was conjugated to the hydrophilic chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) backbone via amide bond formation, and the structure was confirmed by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. Loading the DOX to the CSA-DOCA NPs resulted in NPs with an approximately 230nm mean diameter, narrow size distribution, negative zeta potential, and relatively high drug encapsulation efficiency (up to 85%). The release of DOX from the NPs exhibited sustained and pH-dependent release profiles. The cellular uptake of DOX from the CSA-DOCA NPs in CD44 receptor-positive human breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells was reduced when co-treated with free CSA, indicating the interaction between CSA and the CD44 receptor. The lower IC50 value of DOX from the CSA-DOCA NPs compared to the DOX solution was also probably due to this interaction. Moreover, the ability of the developed NPs to target tumors could be inferred from the in vivo and ex vivo near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging results in the MDA-MB-231 tumor-xenografted mouse model. Both passive and active strategies appear to have contributed to the in vivo tumor targetability of the CSA-DOCA NPs. Therefore, these CSA-DOCA NPs could further be developed into a theranostic nanoplatform for CD44 receptor-positive cancers.