Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate bilateral deficit patterns during maximal hand-grip force production in late postmenopausal women. Twenty late postmenopausal and 20 young premenopausal women performed maximal isometric grip force production tasks with dominant and nondominant hands and both hands, respectively. For late postmenopausal women, pulse wave analysis was used for identifying a potential relationship between maximal hand-grip strength and risk factors of cardiovascular disease. The findings showed that late postmenopausal women produced significantly decreased maximal hand-grip strength in dominant and nondominant and bilateral hand conditions compared to those of premenopausal women. Bilateral deficit patterns appeared in late postmenopausal women. For late postmenopausal women, decreased dominant and bilateral hand-grip forces were significantly related to greater bilateral deficit patterns. Further, less maximal hand-grip strength in unilateral and bilateral hand conditions correlated with greater central pulse pressure. These findings suggested that age-related impairments in muscle strength and estrogen deficiency may interfere with conducting successful activities of bilateral movements. Further, assessing maximal dominant hand-grip strength may predict bilateral deficit patterns and risk of cardiovascular disease in late postmenopausal women.
Highlights
Menopause typically occurs in women’s 40s [1], and one third of women’s lifespan is spent post-menopause [2]
These findings indicate that decreased maximal hand-grip forces in the dominant hand and both hands were related to more bilateral deficit patterns and difference between central systolic blood pressure (cSBP) and central diastolic blood pressure (cDBP) in late postmenopausal women
For late postmenopausal women, decreased maximal hand-grip forces generated by the dominant hand and both hands were significantly related to greater bilateral deficit patterns and increased values in central pulse pressure
Summary
Menopause typically occurs in women’s 40s [1], and one third of women’s lifespan is spent post-menopause [2]. Muscle weakness normally appears in elderly people because of age-induced neurophysiological alterations [7,8,9]. Asymmetrical interlimb muscle strength interferes with executing bilateral movements that account for 54% of daily activities in the aging population [10,11]. Postmenopausal women reveal more significant reduction of muscle strength than premenopausal women and age-matched males [12,13,14,15,16]. Greater levels of bilateral deficit are associated with increased impairment in bilateral performances (e.g., ballistic push-off and vertical squat jumping) [21,22,23], and several aging studies report bilateral deficit patterns in elderly people interfering with various functional movements (e.g., rising from a chair) [24,25]
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