Abstract
Although most postoperative upper extremity neuropathies are caused by extremes of position or intraoperative manipulation of the arm, nerve injury is possible without either of these. Pedicled TRAM flap surgery, during which no axillary retraction or hyperabduction of the arm is used, is not free of risk for neural injury. More studies are needed to specifically define risk-related maneuvers for these and other anesthetized patients.
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