BIFURCATIONS IN APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS OF STOCHASTIC DELAY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Abstract

We consider stochastic delay differential equations of the form [Formula: see text] interpreted in the Itô sense, with Y(t)=Φ(t) for t∈[t0-τ,t0] (here, W(t) is a standard Wiener process and τ>0 is the constant "lag", or "time-lag"). We are interested in bifurcations (that is, changes in the qualitative behavior of solutions of these equations) and we draw on insights from the related deterministic delay differential equation, for which there is a substantial body of known theory, and numerical results that enable us to discuss where changes occur in the behavior of the (exact and approximate) solutions of the equation. Rather diverse components of mathematical background are necessary to understand the questions of interest. In this paper we first review some deterministic results and some basic elements of the stochastic analysis that (i) suggests lines of investigation for the stochastic case and (ii) are expected to facilitate the theoretical investigation of the stochastic problem. We then present the results of numerical experiments that illustrate some of the complexities that arise when considering bifurcations in stochastic delay differential equations. They give prima facie evidence for certain convergence properties of the bifurcation points estimated using the Euler–Maruyama method for the equations considered. We conclude by drawing attention to a number of open questions in the field.