Bifurcation for a free boundary problem modeling a small arterial plaque

Abstract

Atherosclerosis, hardening of the arteries, originates from small plaques in the arteries; it is a major cause of disability and premature death in the United States and worldwide. In this paper, we study the bifurcation of a highly nonlinear and highly coupled PDE model describing the growth of an arterial plaque in the early stage of atherosclerosis. The model involves LDL and HDL cholesterols, macrophage cells, and foam cells, with the interface separating the plaque and blood flow regions being a free boundary. We establish finite branches of symmetry-breaking stationary solutions which bifurcate from the radially symmetric solution. Since plaques in reality are unlikely to be strictly radially symmetric, our result would be useful to explain the asymmetric shapes of plaques.