Abstract
Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (BB-12) is an extensively studied probiotics species, which has been reported to improve the human gut microbiota. This study aimed to confirm the effects of BB-12 on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced gut microbiota disorders. The probiotic BB-12 was consumed by human microbiota-associated rats and changes in gut microbiota were compared using next generation sequencing of the fecal samples collected from the normal chow group, the HFD group, and the BB-12-supplemented group. The enterotypes switched from Prevotella dominant to Akkermansia dominant as a result of switching diet from normal chow to HFD. BB-12 conferred protection on the gut microbiota composition of the rats by increasing the abundance of Prevotella and decreasing the abundance of Clostridium, Blautia, and Bacteroides in 0–3 weeks. In addition, Prevotella-dominant enterotype was maintained, which provides improve obesity effects. A decrease in body weight and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio were also observed at week 3. While in 4–8 weeks, the enrichment of short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria such as Eubacterium and Parabacteroides and probiotics such as Bifidobacterium was observed. The results revealed that BB-12 against obesity by regulating gut microbiota in two phases. After a short-term intervention, BB-12 supplementation suppressed the transition from the healthy to obesity state by protecting Prevotella-dominant enterotype, whereas after a long-term intervention, BB-12 ameliorates obesity by enriching beneficial bacteria in the gut.
Highlights
Obesity is one of the major health crises, especially among children and adults, at the global level
high-fat diet (HFD) perturbs the gut microbiota and develops a stable microbial overwhelmed by low levels of Prevotella and a high level of Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Blautia, and Clostridium, which has negative implications on host phenotype, as an example, this microbial consortia lead to an increase in body weight [33]
Gut microbiota changes in rate as a result of BB-12 intervention that could be divided into two phases: At 0–3 weeks, structure of the gut microbiota was similar to the microbiota structure of the normal chow (NC) group rats whereas structure of the gut microbiota was similar to the microbiota structure of the HFD group rats from weeks 4 to 8
Summary
Obesity is one of the major health crises, especially among children and adults, at the global level. In many previous studies, when germ-free (GF) mice were inoculated with feces or the microbiota of obese human subjects, they developed symptoms such as increased weight and many obesity-associated metabolic phenotypes [5, 6]. Dietary elements have the ability to alter the community structure of gut microbiota. A study showed that dietary change may alter the structure of human gut microbiota up to 57% [8]. High-fat diet (HFD) may exacerbate obesity by changing the structure of gut microbiota and by promoting obesogenic bacteria [9, 10]; dietary intervention with probiotics may attenuate adipocyte size in mice fed a HFD and control weight gain [11]. Improving the gut microbiota is an effective strategy for the prevention and management of diet-induced obesity
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