Bibliometric analysis of harassment and bullying in sport

Over the past 20 years, there has been an emergence of reported incidents of abuse, harassment, and bullying in Canadian sport (M. Holman, unpublished data, 1995).1-3 In 1994, an Edmonton track coach was charged and convicted of engaging in sexual relations with his female adolescent athletes. In 1996, the national cycling team coach was charged with sexual harassment against a number of athletes.3,4 Furthermore, media attention surrounding the conviction of junior hockey coach Graham James and gymnastics coach Don Mathey for the sexual assault of young sport participants, and the 2005 hazing reports among McGill University's football players represent just a few recent examples of public attention on the occurrence of abuse, harassment, and bullying in the Canadian sport environment. A recent report published by the International Olympic Committee Medical Commission recognized the rights of athletes to enjoy a safe and supportive sport environment. This report stated that everyone in sport shares the responsibility to identify and prevent instances of abuse and harassment to assure the health and safety of each participant in the sport environment.5 It is proposed that as supporters of safe and healthy performance environments, the Canadian sport medicine community plays an important role in maltreatment prevention. As such, it is essential that sport medicine specialists be educated on issues of abuse, harassment, and bullying in sport and be equipped with strategies to intervene if/or when potential cases arise. Therefore, the objective of this document is to review current literature on the problems of abuse, harassment, and bullying in Canadian sport. More specifically, this discussion article seeks to provide the medical community with the knowledge to appropriately identify and address cases of abuse, harassment, and bullying. As well, recommendations are proposed for the potential role of sport medicine professionals in the prevention of abuse, harassment, and bullying in sport. DEFINITIONS A recent article published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine proposed a conceptual model of the different categories, constructs, and constituents of maltreatment in sport. The article also included a review of current definitions of each category and subcategory of maltreatment and a comprehensive list of sport-specific examples.6 Abuse Abuse is defined as a pattern of physical, sexual, emotional, or negligent ill-treatment by a person in a caregiver capacity (eg, parent, coach) resulting in actual or potential harm to the athlete.6 The 4 major recognized types of abuse include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect.7 Examples of abuse in sport are provided in Table 1.TABLE 1: Examples of Abuse in SportHarassment Harassment is defined as single or multiple acts of unwanted or coerced behaviors by a person within a prescribed position of authority over the athlete (eg, coach, official, administrator) that have the potential to be harmful. Harassment occurs outside the context of a caregiving relationship.6 It refers to behaviors that are in violation of an individual's human rights. Like abuse, harassment is also considered to be based on an abuse of power and trust.8 Individuals can experience harassment on an individual basis or as a group. Examples of harassment in sport are provided in Table 2.TABLE 2: Examples of Harassment in SportBullying Bullying is defined as a pattern of physical, verbal, or psychological behaviors between peers (eg, teammates) that have the potential to be harmful.6 Bullying is based on an imbalance of power between peers and includes an absence of provocation.9 Examples of bullying in sport are provided in Table 3.TABLE 3: Examples of Bullying in SportFinally, it needs to be clarified that both children and adults are vulnerable to experiences of abuse, harassment, and bullying. Much of the research to date on abuse, harassment, and bullying in sport has actually been based on the interviews of adult athletes,10 and quite a few researchers have argued that the unbalanced power dynamic between the coach and athlete in the sport environment, which creates a position of vulnerability to abuse of the athlete, is not limited by the age of the athlete.11 Furthermore, it should be noted that abuse, harassment, and bullying can occur between individuals of the same sex. Both men and women may be perpetrators of abuse, harassment, or bullying, and cases of athlete abuse, harassment, and bullying are experienced by male and female athletes alike.12-14 BACKGROUND LITERATURE Early research in Canada on the protection of athletes in sport included criticisms of the highly competitive climate of youth sport,15,16 research on violence and injury prevention in sport,17-19 and concerns for the development of elite athletes.20-22 Following this research, several examinations were conducted throughout the 1990s on the occurrence of abuse, harassment, and bullying in Canadian sport. Based on in-depth interviews with 45 retired high-performance Canadian athletes and a number of documentary and informal sources of data, Donnelly discussed the vulnerability of elite child athletes to inappropriate behaviors within the coach-athlete relationship, such as unwanted rubdowns, sexual advances, domination of the body, and coercion into unnecessary dieting.23 As well, one third of the athletes interviewed reported physical and mental abuse, and many discussed issues with peer violence and bullying.23 In 1995, Parks and Recreation Ontario interviewed and surveyed 138 participants aged 11 to 25 years and reported that 47% of the respondents had experienced harassment in sport in the form of jokes, gestures, or looks that were humiliating, insulting, or offensive.24 A survey of 1100 Canadian Interuniversity Athletic Union varsity athletes reported that 57% of respondents had experienced sexually harassing behaviors (M. Holman, unpublished data, 1995). At the 1995 Canada Winter Games in Alberta, the Canada Games Council questioned athletes on their experiences of harassment in sport. Of those athletes, 50% had reported experiencing at least 1 form of harassment (11% racial, 16% sexual, 18% verbal, and 11% physical). This study was then repeated at the 1997 Canada Games in Manitoba revealing similar results. Forty-seven percent of athlete respondents reported experiencing some form of harassment in sport.24 Furthermore, in 1996, a national-level study on the prevalence of sexual harassment and abuse among Canadian Olympians was conducted. From this study, the researchers reported that of the 266 surveys completed, 19% of the athletes complained of experiencing upsetting sexual comments or advances, 21.8% experienced sexual intercourse with authority figures in sport, and 25% of the respondents reported being insulted, ridiculed, made to feel like a bad person, slapped, hit, or beaten by these authority figures.25 Most recently, a body of literature has begun to emerge on Canadian athletes' experiences of emotional abuse in sport. Based on a series of semistructured interviews with elite and subelite retired athletes, it has been reported that acts of aggression such as hitting and throwing objects either at the athlete or in the presence of the athlete, yelling and shouting at an athlete or group of athletes, belittling, name-calling, degrading, humiliating, or intimidating comments, and the intentional denial of attention and support are often normalized as standard coaching techniques required to produce successful performance in sport.26,27 As well, the significant power of the coach and the enhanced vulnerability of athletes to experiences of sexual and emotional maltreatment in sport have been reported.10,28 In addition to those studies described, several other researchers in Canada have written about the occurrence of athlete abuse and harassment1,29-33 and hazing in sport.34,35 Outside of Canada, a large body of literature has been published outlining the problem of abuse, harassment, and bullying among athletes in countries such as Australia,36 Denmark,37 Israel,38 the Netherlands,39 Norway,40,41 Turkey,42 the United Kingdom,11,12,43-48 and the United States (S. L. Hinkle, unpublished data, 2005).49-61 Furthermore, literature on human rights approaches to abuse is emerging internationally.62-64 RISK FACTORS Identified risk factors for athlete maltreatment in sport are based exclusively on the empirical literature on sexual abuse and harassment within the coach-athlete relationship. However, it is proposed that although most of these factors should apply to some extent to all forms of maltreatment in the sport, some differences may exist. Based on the individual accounts of 90 sexually abused female athletes in the United Kingdom, Brackenridge explained that various stakeholders are involved in the occurrence of sexual abuse in sport, including the abusers, children, parents, coaches, social services/police, sport club/organization, and the national coaches' organizations. In her research, Brackenridge (1997)43 categorized trends of risk into the following: (1) coach variables: sex (male), age (older), size/physique (larger), accredited qualifications (good), reputation (high), previous record of sexual abuse (unknown/ ignored), trust of parents (high), commitment to codes of ethics (low), and the like; (2) athlete variables: sex (female), age (younger), size/ physique (smaller), status (high), self-esteem (low), medical problems (med/high), relationship with parents (weak), awareness of sexual abuse (low), devotion to coach (complete), and the like; and (3) sport variables: employment controls (weak), existence of parent and athlete contracts (none), and codes of ethics (weak/none). Sexual orientation, gender-orientation, and disability have also been previously identified factors of vulnerability to harassment in sport.65 Additionally, other factors of risk identified in the literature include athletic maturation of the athlete, parents' trust of the coach, sport type, and the subculture of sport itself. Brackenridge and Kirby explained that the risk for sexual abuse in sport is dependent on the athletic maturation of the athlete. It was suggested that athletes are most vulnerable to sexual abuse during their peak athletic maturation, the period in which they have the most at stake in terms of their careers. This is referred to as the stage of imminent achievement. It is then proposed that the risk for sexual abuse is highest among athletes in sports where the stage of imminent achievement coincides with age of sexual maturity, such as gymnastics and figure skating.11 In 1998, Brackenridge examined the role of parents in preventing sexual abuse in sport and reported that parents often trust coaches uncritically, which places young athletes in a position of vulnerability. It was reported that less than 45% of the parents surveyed knew of the coach's qualifications, and 80% were unaware of whether the coach was bound by a code of ethics.44 Examination of the prevalence of sexual harassment across 56 different Norwegian sport disciplines was conducted by Fasting, Brackenridge, and Sundgot-Borgen. A total of 572 female athletes, aged 15 to 39 years, who qualified for the Norwegian national team at either the junior or senior level completed a questionnaire that included an 11-item list of sexual harassment descriptions. In this study, it was reported that female athletes who participate in traditionally masculine sports, such as basketball, football, and ice hockey, experience more sexual harassment than female athletes in other historically more feminine sports.41 As well, the culture of sport itself has been discussed as a factor of risk to abuse. Bringer et al46(p229) reviewed aspects of sporting subculture that make experiences of sexual exploitation in sport "'part of the game' and something 'you just put up with.'" According to Bringer et al, the risk for sexual abuse in sport is increased by the unquestioned power of coach, single-minded pursuit of excellence, normalization/ambiguity of sexually harassing or abusive behaviors, the morally good image of sport and desire to maintain such an image, and the often apolitical standpoint of many voluntary sport organizations. Martin56 surveyed 134 Division II tennis players asking them to identify 20 perceived sexually abusive behaviors in sport and reported that the behaviors ranked by the athletes as appropriate were contrary to the researchers' expectations, also demonstrating the ambiguity of appropriate and inappropriate behaviors in sport as a risk for abuse. Further supporting the culture of sport itself as variable of risk, Krauchek and Ranson66 proposed that sexual harassment and abuse of girls and women in sport exist as a means of upholding masculine hegemony in the face of increasing participation and challenge by women. Brackenridge45 then categorized sport or situational variables of risk into normative variables that relate to the culture of the activity or sport organization; constitutive variables that are strictly embedded within the culture of sport; and other variables including age relations, specific locations, sport specificity/subcultural norms. The risk for abuse in sport is further enhanced by the general reluctance to report inappropriate coaching behaviors. A series of focus groups were conducted with 19 male coaches about their perceptions of appropriateness with regard to coach-athlete sexual relations. This study reported that in general, the coaches perceived a higher standard of appropriateness in the coach-athlete relationship for themselves than the standards by which they would judge other coaches. Furthermore, it was indicated by participants of this study that they would be reluctant to intervene if they considered a peer coach to be acting inappropriately.67 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS There are many long-term negative consequences that have been correlated with experiences of abuse, harassment, and bullying. Mullen et al68 reported increased rates of psychopathology, sexual difficulties, low self-esteem, and interpersonal problems associated with all forms of abuse. Other reported negative consequences of abuse, harassment, and bullying include depression, anxiety, debilitating developmental effects, emotional instability, physical self-abuse, eating disorders, substance abuse, attachment problems, dependency, aggression/violence, delinquency/criminality, impaired moral reasoning, overly compliant behaviors, failure to thrive, and inability to develop positive relationships with others.69-72 Specific consequences of abuse and violence identified in the sport environment include obsessive and compulsive behaviors with respect to excessive training, eating disorders, self-injurious behaviors/engagement in excessive risk for accidents and injury, and burnout.63 Aside from recognizing the long-term debilitating effects of abuse, harassment, and bullying, Matthews identified several signs and symptoms that may be used as potential indicators. Applications of these signs in the sport environment are listed in Table 4. However, Matthews73(p154) warns, "It's important to note that these symptoms are all nonspecific, meaning they could result from a number of causes - not just child abuse. Children who are under stress from a variety of sources … may show similar symptoms."TABLE 4: Potential Signs and Symptoms of Athlete MaltreatmentRECOMMENDATIONS Medical professionals are responsible for caring for the health and welfare of young persons in sport. The health of the athlete must prevail over other competition, economic, legal, or political interests,5 and thus, it is proposed that medical professionals play an integral role in the prevention and intervention of abuse, harassment, and bullying in sport. To date no empirical evaluations have been published on the effectiveness of strategies used by medical professionals in response to issues of maltreatment. As such, in generating these guidelines for the ways in which sport medicine professionals should address cases of abuse, harassment, and/or bullying, information has been developed from previously published suggestions for how responsible adults should address suspected cases of abuse,73 combined with expert opinion on the specific strategies for medical professionals within the sport environment. WHAT SHOULD I DO IF AN ATHLETE DISCLOSES AN EXPERIENCE OF ABUSE, HARASSMENT, OR BULLYING? Listen carefully and calmly. The athlete needs to know that he/she is being heard. You will need to remember the details of the conversation for future investigation. After your conversation, create a detailed written record. Do not speak poorly about the perpetrator. The perpetrator can be a person that the victim truly cares for. Some victims may feel the need to protect their abusers, and any threats against this person may lessen the athlete's willingness to report and/or allow for further investigation of the issue. Encourage the individual. You should encourage the athlete to tell you as much as he/she feels comfortable sharing. The goal is to get enough information to guide the person in the direction of more specific care and support. Avoid asking specific questions. Specific questions can mislead the athlete's account and impede future investigations. Assure the athlete that the maltreatment is not his/her fault. Tell the athlete that you are glad that he/she told you about the maltreatment. There is often a culture of silence around experiences of abuse, harassment, or bullying. Especially in sport, where mental toughness is ingrained in many young athletes, individuals may feel that they are weak in asking for help. The athlete needs to be assured that the maltreatment is not his/her fault and that you are aware of the courage it has taken him/her to come forward. Report. Mandated reporting laws vary between provinces, but in general, all persons and all professionals who have reasonable grounds to suspect that a child (individual younger than 16 years) is or may be in need of protection must report. In the case of suspected child abuse or harassment, duty to report exceeds patient client confidentiality. Reports must be made directly to local child protection services. For suspected cases of bullying, or abuse/harassment of nonchild athletes, if a physician has general concerns about athlete maltreatment, then he/she should inform the sport body that there are concerns without violating patient confidentiality and allow the sport governing body to address the issue. For concern over specific cases of maltreatment of an adult athlete, the physician should encourage the adult athlete to report his/her case of maltreatment to local authorities and/or the sport governing body. The athlete will need to have additional support and encouragement if any investigation develops. Make a referral. Once you have taken the appropriate steps to report the maltreatment to the authorities, you should refer the athlete to a therapist or relevant health expert. Even if the symptoms of the maltreatment are not evident, it is best to err on the side of caution. There are several long-term consequences that can occur as a result of experiences of athlete abuse, harassment, or bullying. WHAT SHOULD I DO IF I SUSPECT A CASE OF ABUSE, HARASSMENT, OR BULLYING IN SPORT, BUT I AM NOT SURE? Look for signs and symptoms. Medical professionals are in a unique position where they may be able to recognize early signs of abuse, harassment, or bullying and have the ability to intervene accordingly. See Table 4. Report. It is imperative that all suspected cases of athlete abuse or harassment be reported directly to the authorities. Suspected cases of abuse/harassment of a child athlete (an athlete younger than 16 years) must be reported directly to local child protection services. Concerns for bullying or suspected cases of abuse or harassment of an adult athlete should be reported to the highest level of the sport organization without violating patient confidentiality. AS A MEDICAL PROFESSIONAL, HOW CAN I HELP PROTECT ATHLETES FROM FUTURE CASES OF ABUSE, HARASSMENT, AND BULLYING? Maintain focus on the well-being of the athlete. The primary role of the sport medicine community is to care for the long-term health and welfare of individuals in sport. This should include attention to the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual health of the athlete, and this focus must take precedence over performance interests. Educate. The sport medicine community has an extended responsibility to educate individuals in leadership positions on their position of trust/power and their need to assure the long-term well-being of the individuals within their care. Physicians can encourage participation of coaches, parents, and athletes in prevention workshops. Through their own practice, medical professionals can promote and exemplify equitable, respectful, and ethical leadership. As well, sport medicine professionals may educate the media to be responsive to the ways in which Sport Medicine has taken a proactive and progressive role in eliminating abuse, harassment, and bullying in sport. Ensure that the sport organization has in place a policy for athlete protection. In order for an athlete protection policy to be most effective, it should include codes of practice, education and training, complaint and support mechanisms, and monitoring and evaluation systems. The policy should state the commitment of the organization to create a safe and mutually respectful environment. The establishment of athlete protection policies can help to minimize opportunities for maltreatment and manage potential unfounded allegations. Foster strong partnerships with parents/caregivers in the prevention of athlete maltreatment. Promote and support scientific research on these issues. WHAT CAN I DO TO PROTECT MYSELF FROM UNWARRANTED ALLEGATIONS OF ABUSE, HARASSMENT, OR BULLYING? Respect the professional boundaries involved with the physician-athlete relationship. Ensure that your sport organization has preventative policies and codes of conduct in place. Maintain accurate and timely records of physician/athlete encounters.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to analyze research productivity in Turkey using published articles on total hip arthroplasty. Material and methods: All scientific articles published in English in the Science Citation Index Expanded and the Emerging Sources Citation Index between 1970 and 2023 were analyzed using "Web of Science". The number of articles, authors, institutions, and the 30 most frequently cited articles were analyzed. In addition, the Scopus database was also analyzed with the same method for making comparisons. Visualization was also done with Vosviewer tool. Results: As a result of the study, we found 190 articles in the WOS database and 485 articles in the Scopus database, until the end of March 2023. according to the WOS database (journals published in ESCI and SCIE indexes), Turkey ranked 15th among 108 countries. According to the Scopus database, Turkey ranked 22nd. Conclusion: Scholars can help clarify the history of Turkish literature on THA by using the study's data summary. We discovered 190 articles in the WOS database and 485 articles in the Scopus database as a consequence of the research up until the end of March 2023. In comparison to other countries, the quantity of articles was remarkably low.

This chapter aims to analyze the research from the last 20 years about human resources management in the tourism industry. The research question is: What are the contributions of the international publications on human resources management and tourism in the Web of Science and Scopus databases in the last two decades? In order to accomplish this goal, the research methodology will be a literature survey using the Scopus and WoS databases. To develop this research, first, it will be performed a literature review on HRM as strategic value, and also on the multiple perspectives of the concept of tourism. Moreover, it will be made state of the art on human resources management in the tourism industry. Furthermore, the results of the literature survey are presented. The main findings show that there is still a need for more production about human resources management in the tourism industry, which was based on the importance of one segment to the other, as well as the infinite possibilities of incremental actions that allow a mutual benefit between these two fields.

This chapter aims to analyze the research from the last 20 years about human resources management in the tourism industry. The research question is: What are the contributions of the international publications on human resources management and tourism in the Web of Science and Scopus databases in the last two decades? In order to accomplish this goal, the research methodology will be a literature survey using the Scopus and WoS databases. To develop this research, first, it will be performed a literature review on HRM as strategic value, and also on the multiple perspectives of the concept of tourism. Moreover, it will be made state of the art on human resources management in the tourism industry. Furthermore, the results of the literature survey are presented. The main findings show that there is still a need for more production about human resources management in the tourism industry, which was based on the importance of one segment to the other, as well as the infinite possibilities of incremental actions that allow a mutual benefit between these two fields.

The aim of this study was to make a quantitative contribution to the impact of COVID-19 and Mental on consumer behavior. For this purpose, the data in the Scopus and WoS databases until 5 February 2024 were examined using bibliometric analysis. The data obtained within the scope of this study were classified and analyzed using the VOSviewer program developed for scientific mapping analysis. In the evaluations, 180 studies in the Web of Science database and 371 documents in the Scopus database were identified, and when duplicate studies were combined, 426 studies were included in the analysis. According to the results of the analysis, the journal with the highest number of publications is “Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services”; the organization with the highest number of publications is “Department of management sciences, University of Okara” and “North-West University”; the authors with the highest number of publications and citations are “Wang, Xueqin” and “Yuen, Kum Fai”; and the most cited studies are “Laato et al.” and “Goolsbee and Syverson”. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the studies on the impact of COVID-19 and mental factors on consumer behavior and makes a qualified contribution to the literature with an important opening.

The paper deals with the analysis of the approaches in defining the main research directions in the field of leasing of innovations and innovations in leasing. Developing the Internet and expansion of mobile Internet, the advent of the Internet of Devices, Fintech, Insurtech, and the development of sharing economy provokes many debates about the future of innovation within the asset finance and innovation in the leasing of assets. This paper aimed to determine the scientific publication tendencies in the field investigating the issues on leasing of innovations and innovations in leasing to identifying prospective research areas. The methodological instruments of this paper are bibliographic tool VOSviewer, Scopus, and Web of Science (WoS) databases. The study sample is 2513 scientific documents, published in the scientific journals indexed by Scopus (1915 documents) and WoS (598 documents) databases. The study has no limited time sample. The obtained results by Scopus and WoS tools showed the growing publication tendencies on the investigated issues. Besides, the number of papers in the Scopus database had a growing tendency with a variable rate. There is a significant increase in the number of papers that occurred from 2000 to 2010. In turn, the number of papers in journals indexed by WoS had been regularly rising during the analyzed period with a growth rate of 19,9%. Thus, this database shows a considerable growth of publications from 2010 to 2019. In 2019 the number of articles in the field of leasing of innovations and innovations in leasing increased by 412% compared to 2010. Therefore, the investigated issues remain popular in investigations of the great string of scientists. In the Scopus database, mostly the issues on leasing of innovations and innovations in leasing were investigated under the subject area as follows: Medicine, Engineering, Social Sciences, Environmental Science, Business, Management and Accounting, Computer Science. The author noted that the most significant part of the scientists who analyzed the leasing of the innovations and innovations in leasing was from the USA, China, United Kingdom, and Germany. Herewith, in 2019, the number of papers devoted to investigated issues enhanced in scientific journals with high impact factors such as Land Use Policy, European Journal of Operational Research, Ecology and Society. Therefore, it indicates that investigated issues are actually in the trends of sharing economy. The obtained results by VOSviewer analysis allowed identifying six clusters of the scientific publications scrutinized the leasing of the innovations and innovations in leasing from different perspectives. It worth mentioning that three out of six clusters have a close connection. The first biggest cluster links the keywords as follows: sustainable development, environmental impact, environmental protection, energy policy, land use, land management, fishery management, laws and legislation, risk assessment, etc. In turn, the second cluster indicated on the investigations in the sphere of information system and software in leasing. Three clusters (the third, fourth and fifth) are connected by the words «leasing – legal aspect – health care/medical practice management – hospital equipment/hospital information system», etc. The keywords such as financial management, taxes, capital financing, leasing – property, capital expenditure, accounting, legal aspect, management, and tax connected them with the sixth cluster. Keywords: innovation, leasing, leasing management, innovation in leasing.

By analyzing author keywords, visualizing citation patterns, and assessing the effectiveness of research on school climate in physical education, this study attempts to provide a thorough picture of the descriptive aspects of publications. ScientoPy software was utilized in the study to examine the quantity of publications, top research areas, most proactive authors, author keywords, well-liked sources, and institutional data. This study used 350 entries from the Scopus database and followed data reconciliation. Growing trends in school climate research and physical education are shown by the Scopus database. With 19 published documents, “Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy” is recognized as the most active scientific resource. The term “physical education” has become more well-liked. Physical education, motivational climate, motivation, physical activity, and achievement goal theory were the top five search terms in this survey. The primary research fields, keywords, connected studies, and most esteemed organizations and researchers in school climate research and physical education have been identified by this study. The study also offers a global perspective on the current hot themes of physical education and school climate to readers and scholars in the future. Additionally, it provides a variety of analyses to assist in organizing data in order to develop theory and put into practice rigorous school climate research and physical education.

To conduct a bibliometric analysis, several researchers retrieve publications from Scopus or/and Web of Science (WOS) databases. When these scholars consider both Scopus and WOS databases, they mostly make two bibliometric analysis: one from Scopus database and the other from WOS database. A few researchers merge the two databases to conduct a single analysis, but they do not specify how they did it. This paper aims to advance the bibliometric analysis by addressing two points. First, this research claims that making a bibliometric analysis that takes information from Scopus or/and separately from WOS cannot give a broader view of knowledge and tendencies in a field. To prove this claim, we retrieve papers from Scopus and WOS databases to make a bibliometric analysis of sales force literature that covers from 1912 to 2019. Results show that there are many disparities between WOS and merged database, and between this latter and WOS database regarding bibliometric analyses, especially among primary productive authors, the most influential papers, and keyword occurrences. Second, this research proposes a four-step procedure that merges these two databases to allow more reliable bibliometric analyses. This procedure was explicitly shown by using the bibliometric analysis of sales force literature during 1912–2019.

This study aims to exhibit a bibliometric analysis of history education research in Türkiye. A total of 127 documents from 70 sources indexed in the Web of Science and Scopus databases in the years 2000-2023 were used in the analysis. The analysis provides a review of history education research in Türkiye by identifying the dynamics of research by presenting a wide in-depth knowledge concerning the periodical process, current situation, and future directions. Since 2006, history education studies in Türkiye have become more visible in the relevant databases. The annual increase rate of the studies was determined as 8.49 percent. Among the 127 documents accessed, research articles are the most common with a total of 104 articles. From the analysis, it could be said that history education research in Türkiye is mostly conducted in Turkish journals and by Turkish authors. Compared to international literature in history education, studies on ‘historical consciousness’ in Türkiye that were indexed in WOS and Scopus databases were found to be rare in the analysis. Despite this, it is observed that new approaches have started to be studied within the framework of concepts such as 'oral history', 'postmodernism', and 'museum education' in history education studies originating from Türkiye that were indexed in WOS and Scopus databases. In the analysis, it has been observed that although academic studies in qualified databases originating from Türkiye in the field of history education are not sufficient, they have been on an increasing trend in recent years.

DeFi blockchain technology, known as decentralized finance today, separates from the traditional financial ecosystem and ushers the new financial landscape onto digital platforms. In decentralized financial applications, all digital assets are safeguarded by blockchain technology. Thanks to this technology, investors can transfer their financial assets without being dependent on banking authorities. Despite the numerous advantages they bring, financial assets based on the decentralized finance ecosystem come with certain disadvantages. These assets are difficult to control, easily manipulated, and are at risk due to their vulnerability to cyberattacks. This study conducted bibliometric analyses on a total of 930 publications registered in the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases using the VOSviewer program. In both databases, “all fields” were filtered and scanned with the keyword “decentralized finance.” According to the results, the Scopus database has much richer content compared to the WoS database. The most cited author in the Scopus database was Chen Y, while in the WoS database, it was Nakomoto S. There has been a significant increase in the number of publications in both databases since 2020. Additionally, it was detected that the most cited countries in both databases were the USA, China and England, respectively. It has been observed that computer science comes to the fore in the publication rankings. Decentralized finance is an interdisciplinary field of study. Therefore, many more qualified hybrid studies are needed. More studies are needed, especially examining investor behavior. The analyses presented in this article will enable researchers to grasp the bigger picture from a holistic perspective.

Introduction. Bibliometric analysis allows the identification of major trends and priority research areas, as well as the identification of reputable scientists and their contribution to the field. Using the software package VOSviewer v.1.6.14, we analysed the common use of keywords in publications and the identification of partner countries, selecting the two most popular scientific databases Scopus and Web of Science as search tools. The purpose of the article is to identify trends and vectors of scientific research on financial security in order to identify the main directions in related fields. The bibliometric analysis of publications related to finance, economics and security made it possible to identify areas of research in this field and to formulate a quality policy aimed at strengthening national security and improving economic regulation. Results. With the development of technology and the globalisation of the information environment, the number of studies on the topic has increased. The number of relevant research indicators was taken from the Scopus database - 1970 literature, WoS - 1936.. Financial security is studied in several disciplines. According to the Scopus database, the most relevant fields are social sciences, economics, econometrics and finance. According to WoS, financial security is studied within the field of business and finance. Results are also provided for the most cited publications. Researchers from the USA, UK, China, Canada, Australia, Ukraine and Germany have contributed most to the development of this field. The results of the bibliometric analysis showed that there were 8 data clusters from the Scopus database and 11 data clusters from the WoS database. Conclusions. The study revealed the growing interest of the scientific community in the analysis of financial security issues. The direction of scientific research leads to the conclusion that financial security affects all areas of the economic environment and quality of life. A bibliometric analysis of publications by keywords shows that the concept of financial security is often associated with other concepts. This shows that the concept often coincides with categories such as economy, security, environment, etc. The results obtained allow us to determine the vector of focus for further assessment of the country’s financial security.

This article is devoted to the study of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the functioning of the business sector of European countries through bibliometric analysis. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the scientific achievements on this topic in terms of identifying key categories and phenomena that characterize the impact of COVID-19 on the activities of business entities. Methodological support for this paper includes trend and bibliometric analysis (based on VOSViewer v.1.6.10 toolkit). The results of the trend analysis showed recent stable gradual growth in the number of user search queries on business issues caused more by the COVID-19 pandemic that has become an inhibitor of economic growth and sustainable development. The object of the paper is 2406 publications indexed in the Scopus database and 4666 publications indexed in the Web of Science database on the effects of pandemics on the business sector. The time horizon of the study was in 1980-2021. According to the results of the analysis of papers indexed in the Scopus database the decreasing number of papers during 2014-2015 (from 99225 to 28836) were identified. The article identifies the top 15 Scientific Journals indexed by the Scopus and Web of Science databases in which the issue of the effects of COVID-19 on the business sector were considered most often. It is concluded that the majority of publications were published in journals that were indexed in both databases – Scopus and Web of Science. According to the results of the analysis of metadata of publications devoted to the effects of COVID-19 on the business sector, the 9 clusters by the Scopus database and 8 clusters by the WoS database were identified. The results of the bibliometric analysis devoted to the effects of COVID-19 on the business sector allowed defining 10587 keywords, the frequency of use of which exceeds 5. According to the Scopus database the most popular keywords within this problem are: humans, female, organization and management, commerce, risk assessment, economic aspect and others. At the same time, the most popular keywords in the Web of Science database are: pandemic, impact, business, performance, crisis, management, entrepreneurship, innovation.

For long time a quantitative assessment of the productivity of Italian researchers has been lacking; the first and unique assessment was the Three-Year Research Evaluation for the period 2001-2003. Italian Law 240/2010, ruling the organization of research and universities, requires a system for the evaluation of the scientific productivity of Italian researchers. In 2011, both the National Agency for the Evaluation of Universities and Research Institutes (ANVUR) and the National University Council (CUN) proposed a set of evaluation criteria based on a bibliometric approach with indexes calculated using the information from the Thomson Reuters Web of Science (WOS) or the Elsevier SciVerse SCOPUS databases. The aim of this study is twofold: (i) to present the results of an assessment of the global aggregated scientific productivity of the Italian forestry community for 1996-2010 using the SCOPUS data available from the on-line SCIMAGO system; and (ii) to compare the WOS and SCOPUS databases with respect to three indexes (number of publications, number of citations, h-index) of the scientific productivity for university forest researchers in Italy. Two subcategories of forestry were considered: AGR05 - forest management and silviculture, and AGR06 - wood technology. Out of a total of 84 authors, 76 were considered in the analysis because not affected by unresolved homonymity or duplication. Overall, the trend in scientific productivity for Italian forestry is promising. Italy ranked 10th in terms of the h-index with an increasing trend in importance relative to other European countries, though the scientific contribution of authors was largely heterogeneous. Both WOS and SCOPUS databases were suitable sources of information for evaluating the scientific productivity of Italian authors. Although the two databases did not produce meaningful differences for any of the three indexes, the advantages and disadvantages of the two sources must be carefully considered if used operationally to evaluate the Italian scientific productivity.

Throughout history, many sports evolved from rituals performed at religious celebrations. In this light, it is clear that religion and sport are symbolic systems with shared values and goals. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the descriptive parameters of publications by visualizing citation patterns, extracting author keywords, and determining the impact and performance of research on religion and sports. An examination of 1,408 publications indexed in the Scopus and WoS databases was carried out from 1899 to 2022. The results show that after 2015, there was a considerable increase in sports and religion publications, with Scopus publications continuing to increase compared to WoS. The United States accounts for about 457 of the total global publications. Furthermore, with 19 documents, the title of the scientific source "Games and Economic Behavior" is the most active. In 170 documents, the keyword "physical activity" appears most frequently in this analysis. The trending topic with the largest absolute growth is "physical activity," while the trending topic with the largest relative growth is "osteoarthritis." Overall, the research in this field is evolving, with the development of new methodologies and channels for communicating vital lessons about values, culturally appropriate behaviour, and health scope. This study contributes to developing new concepts in the multidisciplinary study of the relationship between sport and religion. The significance of religious values in physical activity and in injuries suffered by athletes, as well as in the psychological development of athletes, is one area that can be studied in more depth.

Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of the essence and peculiarities of the growth of tax competitiveness of the country in the conditions of a significant amount of shadowing of incomes and legalization of illegally obtained funds. The object of the study is the levels of shadow economy and tax competitiveness of the country. In the paper the 5,348 publications in the Scopus database and 2,036 publications in the WoS database on tax competitiveness and 3,095 and 1,063 publications on the problems of shadowing, respectively, were analyzed. The time horizon of the research was in 1992—2021. On the basis of bibliometric analysis the main directions of research of tax competitiveness and shadowing of economy are defined, the comparative analysis of tendencies of change of quantity of publications on these questions is carried out. It is concluded that the level of research on these issues in international scientometric publications has been significantly intensified since 2003 and 2005. With the help of VOSViewer tools, the main economic categories that are most closely related to the country’s tax competitiveness are identified. Based on the results of the analysis, a hypothesis about the connection between the level of tax competitiveness of the country and the shadowing of the economy was put forward. The article identifies the leading scientific journals indexed by Scopus and WoS databases, in which the most frequently published research questions. It is determined that the majority of the papers on tax competitiveness have been published in high-ranking journals in the first and second quarters. A methodical approach to assessing the relationship between tax competitiveness of the country with the level of its shadow economy is proposed. On the example of EU countries a significant negative impact of economic shadowing on the competitiveness of the country’s tax system has been proven. It is concluded that the implementation of shadow schemes of concealment of income and legalization of illegally obtained income causes significant damage to the amount of tax revenues to the budget. The methodical approach to estimation of losses of the economy from shadow activity is offered in the work. According to the results of the study, measures to de-shadow the economy in the context of increasing the country’s tax competitiveness are proposed, in particular: bringing the domestic regulatory framework to the requirements of the international community, reducing corruption, reducing time spent on filing and filing tax reports, optimizing the tax burden. Keywords: tax competition, shadow economy, state policy, money laundering, bibliometric analysis. JEL Classification O17, E26, H20, H71, F38 Formulas: 1; fig.: 4; tabl.: 4; bibl.: 21.